


OF PR 






FEB i; 1924 


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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PUBLICATIONS 
IN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION 
EDITED BY 


ERNEST D. BURTON SHAILER MATHEWS 
THEODORE G. SOARES 


HANDBOOKS OF ETHICS AND RELIGION 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2022 with funding from 
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https://archive.org/details/sourcebookforstu00burt 


A SOURCE BOOK FOR THE STUDY 
OF THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


THE UNIVERSITY OF CHIOAGO PRESS 
OHICAGO, ILLINOIS 


THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY 
NEW YORK 





THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
LONDON 


THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA 
TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENDAI 


THE MISSION BOOK COMPANY 
SHANGHAI 


FP 
<n 0 NING ES > 






A SOURCE BOOK FEB & 1924 
MY S 
Sor the Study of <a OGICAL sewn 
THE TEACHING of JESUS 
in its 


HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIPS 


By WN 
Ernest DeWrrt Burton 


President of the University of Chicago and Head 
of the Department of New Testament 
and. Early Christian Literature 









Sa; 





THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 


CopyRIGHT 1923 AND 1924 By 
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 


All Rights Reserved 


Published April 1923 
Second Edition January 1924 


Composed and Printed By 
The University of Chicago Press 
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 


PREFACE 


Profoundly convinced of the value for our day and generation of 
the study of the life and teaching of Jesus as the record of these has 
been preserved for us in the gospels of the New Testament, I have for 
some years given myself in my University teaching with special interest 
to a course on “‘The Teaching of Jesus.’’ In this work I have increas- 
_ ingly felt the need of a book which should present the material, both 
of Jesus’ own teaching and, for purposes of comparison, of that of his 
contemporaries, in a convenient form, which would economize the 
student’s time and enable him to concentrate all his attention on the 
task of interpretation and organization. It is to meet this need that 
I have prepared this volume. It is my hope that other teachers and 
students will find it useful, and that it may contribute to a better 
knowledge of the thought of him, who is today, as he has been for 
- centuries, the Moral and Religious Leader of the Race. | 

The particular method of study for which the book is specially 
prepared and the point of view from which, in my judgment, the study 
can be most profitably pursued, are explained in the Introduction. 

The assembling of the passages from Jewish writers outside the 
New Testament has been almost wholly the work of two recent Fellows 
of the Department of the New Testament and Early Christian Litera- 
ture in the University of Chicago, Professor J. F. Balzer, of Carleton 
College, and Mr. H. R. Willoughby. To the latter especially I wish 
to acknowledge my debt and to express appreciation of his valuable 
assistance. I desire also to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. 
William V. Roosa and Dr. A. Wakefield Slaten for invaluable assistance 
in carrying the book through the press. 

With a view to enabling the student more quickly and easily to 
grasp the meaning of the gospel passages, they have been translated 
into modern English. In these translations, words pleonastically used 
in accordance with a Greek idiom not readily reproducible in English 
have been generally omitted and pronouns often replaced by nouns to 
which they refer. My sole purpose has been to make the thought clear. 

vii 


Vili PREFACE 


For the passages quoted from the Apocrypha the English revision 
of 1881 has generally been used. For those quoted from the Pseude- 
pigrapha, I have, with the gracious consent of Professor R. H. Charles, 
used the translations in his monumental work, for which all biblical 
scholars are indebted to him, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the 
Old Testament, Oxford, 1913. For the sake of uniformity in style I have 
taken the liberty of substituting “you” for “ye” and, except in address 
to God, for “thou.’’ For the revision of the lists of modern authors 
I am indebted to my colleague, Professor Clyde W. Votaw. . 


ERNEST D. BurRTON 
March, 1923 : 


INTRODUCTION . . avis 1 
CHAPTER 
I. Tae PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BasaL ELEMENTS OF JESUS’ 
TEACHING . 18-109 
1. The World in Which He Tea 18 
7G hs Gal 45 
3. The Holy Spirit 74 
4. The Highest Values . 82 
5. Righteousness and Sin 90 
II. PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS: THE PRIVILEGES AND 
Doutims or Mrn . 110-188 
6. Jesus’ Own Personal Religion we eon Mission 110 
7. The Externals of Religion: the Sabbath; Fasting and 
Foods; Places of Worship, ae and Offerings; Cir- 
cumcision 120 
8. The Mutual Raion: of Men in ce rentiee a 
Mercy; Resistance and Revenge; the Use of Force against 
Evil; Mutual Esteem and Consideration; the Acquisition 
and Use of Property; Oaths and Truthfulness; Chastity, 
Marriage, and Divorce 131 
9. The Relations of Men to God: Paentunes a Poe 
ness; Judgment and Acceptance with God; Faith; Prayer; 
Worship : ee Tues 146 
10. Discipleship to Jesus 168 
11. The Fundamental and Unifying Principle of RSonduct 
toward God and Men 175 
12. The Basis and Criterion of i hority ne Conduct aia 
Belief . cA Pap ee aN ah cist iets 178 © 
Ill. Tae Kinepom or Gop : : . 189-213 
13. The Kingdom of God: the Origin of ‘the Idea; the Funda- 
mental Meaning of the Term 211 
14. The Kingdom of God as an Order of Things, a State of 
Society; Its Fundamental Character . . .. . 211 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


ix 


PAGE 


x 


CHAPTER 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


PAGER 


15. The Blessings of the Kingdom; the Results of Rejecting It 212 
16. Conditions of Participation in the Sey Hindrances 


17. The Time-Relations of the Kidpdon: When Me mae 


to Such Participation 


Does It Come? 


EVE EIBSDES. WN aN) onthe tic dtir els pay lint ie 


18. 
19, 
20. 
21, 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28, 
29. 


His Origin and Birth .. . 
he SOMOL Wan hh Wan De ie Sale 
ihe Son: 01. God fw ss pn ease 
Lhe Pon Ol ayia iiic. ces |e nane 


he OHrish stiles Nei sertave dite 
DIOP shecneiat a SelM Ne kas sade 
DAaviOUry ie). Pa mga 
His Personal Religion ‘ana Mission. 


His Claims upon Men. See 10 


The Authentication of His Claims . 


His Sufferings and Death 
His Resurrection and Future Life. 


V. Tue Furure 


30. 


The Future of Jesus . 


212 


213 


Fd oR NHR ME a Bes 


eh} tie JB oie) renter od ake 
mi tietl Perel th eae 
BAN te Ud bole Sek goa ea ae ee 
ais pretty eh, Wiley Ss area eR cee 
Shoe! Pech eae eka 

SOPs 
ee dna) Vahl! he paeneeaney 
See 605) oe aS 


PE a 2k 
ert ey, fi 
e e ° 252 


See 50% 2. ie» See 


e e , 4 t 257-274 
° e e ° . 257 


31. The Future of the Individual Believer Ngee 259 
32. The Future of the wasear | of Jesus’ Toilets ihe 


33. The Future of tke World a of the Wicked . PL Ms wl! 


Church 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Modern Literature with Abbreviations 


261 


e * e e . 275-277 
e e e e e . 275 


INTRODUCTION 
I. THE NATURE OF THE STUDY 


The subject of this course is a comparatively modern one. It is 
a subdivision of what is commonly called biblical theology, but which 
is better described as the history of biblical thought. As such, it is a 
purely historical discipline. It seeks to ascertain the thoughts of 
Jesus, as related to, and as distinguished from, those of other biblical 
. teachers and writers, including even those of the evangelists through 
whom we obtain our information as to the teaching of Jesus himself. 

During long periods of Christian history the Bible was thought of 
almost exclusively as a source for systematic theology, or as a book of 
devotion, and as in all parts equally instructive and authoritative. 
From this point of view, it was unimportant to distinguish the ideas of 
Jesus from those of the prophets and psalmists that preceded him, or 
from the apostles and evangelists that followed him. All parts of the 
Book were, like the parts of a loaf of bread, good, and distinction among 
them was an impertinence. 

The displacement of this conception by the historical point of view 
has been very gradual, and is still far from universal in the Christian 
church. Probably in no period of its history has there been an entire 
failure to recognize the time-conditioned character of the books of 
Scripture. But till the end of the eighteenth century, roughly speaking, 
the view of the church generally was dogmatic rather than historical. 
_The new movement began in a distinction between the Bible, as a 
source of theology, and other recognized sources, such as the creeds. 
From this it passed to a gradual recognition of the fact that the books 
of the Bible themselves reflect a historical process extending over many 
centuries, and involving many changes in point of view and belief, and 
that, as a consequence, the study of biblical thinking is of necessity a 
historical science. This fact and its consequences, though not yet 
fully accepted by popular religious thought, is now generally recognized 
by biblical scholarship. 

It is impossible at this point to enter into an extended defense of 
the historical method. It must suffice to say that it is demanded by 
that regard for facts which is the best and most distinctive characteristic 
of all modern thinking. That the books of the Bible were not all written 
in the same period, or from the same point of view, is a fact of history 
impossible to deny, too obvious to call for argument. Because of this 


1 


2 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


fact, it is necessary to a right understanding of any book or author that 
one approach it with as full knowledge as possible of the author’s situa- 
tion, point of view, and purpose, and with eyes open to any distinctive 
characteristics or elements of his thought. The assumption that there 
is, in the writings of any biblical author, nothing distinctive as compared 
with other biblical writers or teachers, is unwarranted, and calculated 
to blind one’s eyes to his real thought. Assumption of disagreement, 
or of progress in any particular direction, is of course equally without 
warrant. To learn a writer’s thought we must come with open eyes to 
discover it, whatever it is, and must bring to our aid all the help that 
can be obtained through knowledge of his surroundings. ‘This is the 
essence of the historical method. As applied to the teaching of Jesus 
in particular, it requires us to consider, first of all, the sources from which 
we can learn that teaching, and the characteristics of those sources which 
will affect our method of employing them. We pass then to consider: 


II. THE SOURCES OF OUR KNOWLEDGE 


A. Tue GOSPELS 


These are obviously the principal sources from which to learn what - 
Jesus taught. How they are to be used depends in no small measure 
upon how they arose and how they are consequently related to Jesus 
himself. To state in full, and discuss adequately, the facts which indi- 
cate the relationship and point to the proper method of using the books, 
would itself require a volume, and can not therefore be undertaken at 
this point. A brief summary of the facts and of the more certain infer- 
ences from them, as discovered by the careful studies of many scholars, 
must suffice for our present purpose. ‘ 

All of the gospels are indirect sources of knowledge respecting the 
teaching of Jesus. We have no writings, such as we fortunately possess 
in the case of Paul, from his own pen. None of the gospels claims to 
have been written by Jesus, and all of them are shown by internal 
evidence to have been written years after the events which they record, 
and in order to meet situations existing in this later period, when they 
arose. Inevitably they were affected by this fact. Unless protected, 
in some extraordinary way, from the influence of the purpose which 
their writers sought by them to accomplish, they could not but bear 
the marks of that purpose. What, in fact, they give us is not a first- 
hand record of the teaching of Jesus, but a faithful representation of 
what the men of the time, when they were written, believed to be the 
thought of Jesus, or what they confidently believed he would have 
thought and taught if he had been living and teaching in their day and 
called upon to deal with their problems. Their point of view is similar, 


INTRODUCTION 3 


in this respect, to that of the modern expository preacher. They are 
interpretations of Jesus. 

In making use of the gospels, these facts must be taken into account. 
We must approach them with a knowledge and remembrance of the 
situation out of which they arose and the purposes for which they were 
severally written, and must take them, not as testifying solely and 
directly to the thought of Jesus, but as conveying their testimony to 
his thought in works written to play a part in the thought-life of periods 
later than that in which Jesus himself lived. 

But the studies of the last century have also made it clear that the 
gospels, the first three at least if not also the fourth, employed older 
sources and that, from a comparison of the gospels, it is often possible 
to determine with a high degree of probability how the older sources 
read. This fact makes it possible, in some cases, to approach a step 
nearer the mind of Jesus than the gospels as they stand carry us, and 
suggests that by a comparison of the sources we may come very close at 
least to his exact thought. 

In a preliminary survey of the sources, it will be well to begin with 
the latest and proceed to the earliest. For the proof of the statements 
. that follow, the student must be referred to works on New Testament 
Introduction. It must suffice here to give a summary of results 
believed to be well established by biblical scholarship, and to refer to 
other writers or books for the evidence that justifies them. 

1. The Gospel of John was written at about the end of the first 
century or the beginning of the second. It is generally agreed that it 
was produced on gentile soil and in an atmosphere largely affected by 
Greek thinking, especially by such a combination of Jewish and Greek 
thought as is represented in Philo. Its avowed purpose is to sustain 
faith in Jesus as the Son of God and Messiah by recounting events of 
Jesus’ life (20:30, 31), and it manifestly does this as against certain 
philosophic and practical tendencies that were inimical to such faith. 
It probably made some use of the earlier gospels, but must also have 
_had other sources, written or oral. All of these it employed freely, not 
so much with a view to giving an accurate historical picture of the life 
of Jesus as for the purpose of so presenting him that he might be accepted 
and held by those to whom the gospel came as the Christ, the Son of 
God. The book is primarily an expression of the author’s conception 
of Jesus and the Christian religion. With no intention to misrepresent 
Jesus, his primary and controlling purpose is not in the spirit of a 
historian to set forth the historical Jesus and his teaching, but to 
present what he, the writer, believed to be the true conception of 
_ Jesus and religion. In certain respects, he may very well have drawn 
from sources which were quite as trustworthy as those of the synoptists, 


4 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


or which may convey an even more correct representation of the facts 
of the life of Jesus. But no final conclusion as to what Jesus taught 
can be derived from this gospel until its reflection of that teaching has 
been compared with and checked by the testimony of the other gospels. 

See Ernest D. Burton, Short Introduction to the Gospels, chap. v, but 
modify by the foregoing statement; Ernest F. Scott, The Fourth Gospel: Its 
Purpose and Theology, especially chaps. i-iv. 


2. The Gospel of Luke was written in the latter part of the first 
century. The author used Mark as his primary source in the sense 
that he largely controlled the structure of his book by Mark, but 
employed other sources, some of which, like Mark, were also employed 
by the author of the gospel ascribed to Matthew, others of which were un- 
doubtedly peculiar to the Third Gospel. That the gospel is written with 
much more of the historical spirit than John is suggested by a compari- 
son of Luke 1:14 with John 20:30, 31, and confirmed by a comparison 
of the gospels themselves. It is undoubtedly affected by the contem- 
porary conception of Jesus, as is illustrated, e.g., by its frequent use 
of the word “‘Lord’’ in reference to Jesus, and by the current eschatology, 
But its use of Mark, the sense of which it modifies but little even when 
freely modifying its form, suggests that it treated its other sources with 
like fidelity. An examination of these sources, moreover, tends to the 
conclusion that the most important of them were composed quite early, 
probably before 70 a.D., possibly before 60 A.p., and that they arose in 
regions in which there was a still living tradition concerning Jesus’ 
life and teaching. In this gospel we possess, therefore, early sources 
which the author of the gospel has reproduced, in large part without 
purposeful modification in the direction of conformity with ideas current 
in his day. This does not exempt his work from the general principle 
that our gospels must be read in the light of the purnvose for which and 
the time in which they were written, but it tends to diminish our esti- 
mate of the amount of the modification made by the author himself, 
and sends us back to the period of the sources to discover what their 
habitat and purpose were. 

3. The Gospel of Matthew was probably published not far from 
the same time as the Gospel of Luke. It is much more affected by the 
argumentative and apologetic purpose of the author than was the case 
with Luke, approaching in this respect the Fourth Gospel, though com- 
ing from a different region and having a different specific purpose. 
It was probably written for Jewish Christians at a time when the down- 
fall of the Jewish state made the question of the future of Christianity 
and of its relation to Judaism an acute one for Christians who had tried 
also to be good Jews. Its chief purpose was, while confirming them in 
the faith that Jesus was the true Messiah, to convince them that the 


INTRODUCTION 5 


true religion of Jesus and the true successor of Judaism was a universal 
religion which recognized the legitimacy of the Old Testament and 
the messiahship of Jesus, but abolished all national distinctions and 
all nationalistic legalism. 

Like Luke, Matthew employed older sources and in large part the 
same sources, including Mark, and, at least, one other common source, 
probably two, besides several peculiar to himself, one of which included 
a large element of the teaching of Jesus. 


For fuller statement, see Ernest D. Burton, Short Introduction, chap. iv; 
Ernest D. Burton, Principles of Literary Criticism; and for the view more 
commonly held, viz., that Mark and a second source, usually called Q, 
are the only identifiable sources, see A. Harnack, The Sayings of Jesus; 
W.-Sanday and others, Ozford Studies in the Synoptic Problem; Stanton, 
The Gospels as Historical Documents, Part II, especially pp. 102 ff. 

My own studies have led me to believe that Q, as usually defined, 
is not a common source, but represents a mistaken assemblage of material 
that really belonged to more than one source. I am led to believe that we 
may with a fair degree of confidence name five principal sources, viz.: 

The original Mark, substantially identical with our present Mark. 

G, which contained substantially all of Luke 3:1—9:50, except the por- 
tions which parallel Mark or are purely editorial. 

P, which contained all of Luke 9:51—19: 28, except the parallels to Mark 
in 18:15-43 and the parts that are purely editorial. 

M, which contained about 150 verses of words of Tenis now found 
scattered through Matthew, substantially the following: Matt 5:3-10 
(11, 12), 18, 14, 16, 17-24, 27, 28, 33-48; 6:1-6, 16-18, 34; 7:6, 12, 15-20, 
22-27; 10:5, 6, 8, 28, 41; 11:28-30; 12:5-7, 11, 12a, 36, 37; 13:24-30, 
44-48, 51, 52; 15:12-14; 18:10, 14, 23-34; 20:1-15; 21:28-32; 22:1-10; 
23:2, 3, 5, 8-10, 15-22, 24; 24:10-12; 25:1-46. This list, however, can 
not be accepted as exact. The passages cited doubtless contain some 
editorial elements not found in the source document, and some verses here 
listed may be derived from the sources used also by Luke. Such passages as 
5:3-10, 25:14-30, have parallels in Luke, probably ultimately derivable 
from the same source as the passages in Matthew, but the differences in the 
two versions in each case are such as to indicate that the immediate sources of 
Matthew and Luke were not the same. These questions respecting particu- 
lar passages do not, however, obscure the fact that Matthew contains from 
150 to 200 verses of sayings ascribed to Jesus not found in the other gospels. 

J, the special source of Luke’s passion and resurrection history. 

In addition to these there are several minor sources such as: 

MI, the infancy story as found in Matthew. 

LI, the infancy story as found in Luke. 

M?}, narratives and sayings peculiar to Matthew, but probably not 
derived from the source designated above as M. 

M:?, editorial additions to the sources of Matthew. 

L*, editorial additions to the sources of Luke. 


6 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


See Ernest D. Burton, Principles of Literary Criticism, especially 
pp. 49 ff.; also ‘‘Some Phases of the Synoptic Problem,”’ Journal of Biblical 
Literature, Vol. XXXI, Part II, pp. 95 ff.; especially for the content of 
M, pp. 99 ff.; A. M. Perry, The Sources of. Luke’s Passion Narrative. 


4. The Gospel of Mark, while itself a source of Matthew and Luke, 
doubtless had its own sources, and was itself subject to influences 
similar to those which affected Matthew and Luke. No satisfactory 
identification of the sources of Mark has been arrived at. Some scholars 
hold that the Q used by Matthew and Luke was used also by Mark. 
But even aside from a doubt whether there was such a source, the evi- 
dence tends to show that while there were undoubtedly sources behind 
all our gospels, Mark included, none of the identifiable sources of 
Matthew and Luke were used by Mark. No theory of the sources of 
Mark has lifted itself above the level of possibility into that of prob- 
ability. As concerns the influences affecting the composition of Mark, 
it is in itself intrinsically probable that a gospel written, as we suppose 
Mark to have been, about 70 a.p., would arise under conditions not 
radically different from those which affected gospels written one or 
two decades later. If the thought of the church influenced the repre- 
sentation of Jesus’ teaching in 80 or 90 a.D., there is no reason to suppose 
that it would not do so in 70 av. The later gospel might be more 
affected by this influence, it might be less so; but, in any case, the differ- 
ence would probably be in degree and specific direction of influence, not 
in that the later gospel would be influenced, the earlier gospel wholly 
uninfluenced, by contemporary thought. As compared with Matthew 
and Luke, Mark, in so far as it is the source of the others, is undoubtedly 
a more trustworthy representation of the teaching of Jesus; but, as 
compared with the teaching of Jesus, it also is a version of that teaching, 
undoubtedly affected, as the others were, by the period in which it 
arose. Those portions of Matthew and Luke which are derived from 
other sources than Mark may be nearer to the original facts than Mark. 

Thus, when we find that Matthew modifies Mark in such a way as 
to put upon the words of Jesus an interpretation more nearly in accord- 
ance with the current apocalyptic eschatology, it is clear that the thought 
of Matthew’s day has affected his gospel in his report of Jesus’ thought. 
But when we find in another passage of Mark substantially the same 
type of thought which Matthew introduced by modifying Mark, we 
are confronted with two possibilities: on the one hand, that Mark 
represents the original thought of Jesus, which Matthew has merely 
emphasized; on the other, that the apocalyptic element in’ Mark’s 
account is itself a departure from the original record, as a result of the 
same kind of influence which later affected Matthew. That either 
possibility may represent the facts is made more evident when we dis- 


INTRODUCTION fi 


cover from a comparison of Paul’s epistles, which are earlier than either 
Matthew or Mark, that the apocalyptic eschatology, which appears both 
in Matthew’s modifications of Mark and in Mark, was already current 
in the Christian community before either gospel was written. Which 
possibility is more probable, this is not the place to discuss. It must 
suffice to observe that both possibilities must be recognized. 

5. It is impossible to point to a consensus of opinion respecting the 
date of the sources of Matthew and Luke other than Mark, there being 
as yet no agreement as to their identity. Harnack maintains that Q 
is older than Mark, a Palestinian document, free from Pauline influence.! 

Such study as has been made of the dates of the documents assumed 
by the five-document hypothesis tends also to the conclusion that the 
principal non-Markan sources, G, P, M, J, were produced before 70 a.p. 
(Perry even dates the document J as early as 45 a.p.), but that the minor 
sources are distinctly later. 


In the citation of the synoptic passages in the body of the book, the 
Mark material is placed first under each topic, then the passages common to 
Matthew and Luke, then the passages found in Luke only, and finally those 
found in Matthew only. These several groups of passages are not indicated 
by separate headings, but are merely separated by aline. The student who 
wishes to consider separately the evidence of the several source documents 
will find the Mark material, with reference to the parallel passages in 
Matthew and Luke, in the first group of passages. In the second and 
third groups, he will easily distinguish the testimony of G and P by the faet 
that the former is found in Luke before, the latter after, 9:50. He will 
find the evidence of LI and J in the third, and that of M and M?in the fourth 
group. If he holds to the Q theory, he will find the major portion, if not the 
whole of that which he ascribes to Q, in the second group. For a general 
or preliminary study of the teaching of Jesus, he may of course ignore all 
these distinctions between the source documents, treating them all as alike 
sources for the thought of Jesus. In brackets at the end of each synoptic 
passage there will be found a number referring to the section of A Harmony 
of the Synoptic Gospels, by Ernest D. Burton and Edgar J. Goodspeed, in 
_ which the passage appears. The particular source document to which the 
passage belongs is also indicated. 


B. Tse PAvLine EPIStTLes 


Among the letters ascribed to Paul, there are at least seven (I 
Thessalonians, Galatians, Romans, I and II Corinthians, Philippians, 
Philemon) and quite probably three more (II Thessalonians, Colossians, 
Ephesians) that are from his pen. Of these, II Corinthians is composed 
of parts of several letters, and to a less degree the same may be true 
of Romans and Philippians. In Galatians, Romans, and II Corinthians, 
there are probably a few short passages not from his pen. But for 


1Similarly, James Moffat, Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament, p. 203. 


8 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


substance, the seven letters, at least, are from the pen of the apostle, 
and older than any of our gospels. The testimony of these epistles to 
the teaching of Jesus is, therefore, with the possible exception of the 
oldest sources of the synoptists, as old as any that we possess, perhaps 
the oldest. Coming from a contemporary of Jesus who was at first a 
bitter opponent of the faith in him, but who afterward accepted him as 
the Messiah, their testimony to the historicity of Jesus and to such 
outstanding facts of his career as they state is of the highest value. But 
this testimony is, even so, indirect, probably more so than that of 
Mark, G, M, P, or J; for Paul was not a hearer of Jesus and had only 
occasional and brief contact with those who were such, and it is not 
probable that he had any written gospel or collection of the sayings of 
Jesus. Moreover, partly because of this fact, his testimony is meager. 
As a consequence, his contribution to our knowledge of Jesus’ teaching 
is relatively unimportant. It consists of the following statements: 
I Cor 7:10; 9:14; 11:23; Gal 6:2; I Thess 4:15-17; 5:2. Com- 
pare, also, Rom 15:3, 8; II Cor 5:14, 15; Phil 2:8. 


C. Tue Boox or Acts 


This work, proceeding from the same pen which gave us the Third 
Gospel, may be ranked as of approximately equal historical authority. 
But, dealing with the apostolic age and referring to the life and teaching 
of Jesus only incidentally, its only direct testimony respecting the teach- 
ing of Jesus is the one sentence contained in Acts 20:35: “It is more 
blessed to give than to receive.” Incidentally, it confirms and sum- 
marizes the teaching of his life in such passages as Acts 2:22, 23; 10:38. 


III. CONTEMPORARY JEWISH THOUGHT 


The books named above are, as has been indicated, almost the only 
sources from which we can derive a knowledge of the teaching of Jesus. 
But they yield this knowledge only to the .nterpreter, and interpreta- 
tion is greatly facilitated by a knowledge of the ideas which were prev- 
alent at the time at which, and in the lands in which, Jesus lived and 
the gospels arose. Every teacher speaks to his own time, and must 
take into account the ideas of his contemporaries which he seeks to 
confirm or to modify. Because this is so, the clue to his meaning is 
often furnished by a knowledge of what his contemporaries were think- 
ing. This fact makes it highly desirable that the student of the teach- 
ing of Jesus shall also have some knowledge of the ideas which were 
prevalent in the Graeco-Roman world of the first century. Nothing 
one can learn about that world, in which Christianity had its origin, will 
be without significance for his study. But what he most needs to 
know is the contemporary Jewish thought, the non-Palestinian (Hellen- 


INTRODUCTION 9 


istic), because of its value in the understanding of the Fourth Gospel, the 
Palestinian, because of its relation to Jesus and the Synoptic Gospels. 

The New Testament is itself one of the most valuable sources of 
information concerning the thought of the Jews of Jesus’ day concerning 
religion. Besides the occasional definite statements of Jewish belief and 
practice which the gospels contain, there are many passages in which 
the Jewish thought is reflected in Jesus’ criticism of it. In like manner, 
the controversial letters of the apostle, Paul, reflect at many points the 
views that were current among those Jewish Christians who still retained 
in large part those conceptions which they had held before becom- 
ing Christians. In the study of each topic the student should 
endeavor to recall the evidence of the New Testament respecting Jewish 
opinion on that topic. Passages of special interest will occasionaily be 
cited. 

But valuable as is the evidence of the New Testament, we are 
fortunate in being able to supplement it from the works of Jews who, 
not themselves Christians, wrote near enough to the time of Jesus to 
be valuable as direct evidence of the ideas current in his day. 

These books are of various kinds, from a literary point of view. 
They include narratives written with a religious motive, philosophical 
essays, psalms, apocalypses. Some are pre-Christian, others were pro- 
duced almost simultaneously with the gospels. Some are the product of 
Palestinian thought, others come from the Jews of the Dispersion, and 
reflect the type of Jewish thinking which had been influenced by Greek, 
especially Alexandrian, thought. The last-named distinction is important 
to bear in mind, because while the Fourth Gospel was undoubtedly pro- 
duced in an atmosphere charged with Greek thinking, Jesus himself 
taught in an atmosphere almost wholly Hebraistic and Palestinian in 
character, and the Synoptic Gospels, wherever written, were largely 
under the same influence. 

Among the Jewish books from which quotations are made, the 
following are the most important. 


I. Non-PALESTINIAN Booxs 


The Story of Ahikar, a folk-tale, of which the hero is a wise and wealthy 
grand-vizier, who is deposed through the treachery of his adoptive son, 
but, being finally restored to power, punishes the ingrate. 500 B.c. 

The Letter of Aristeas, a letter professing to give an account of the origin 
‘of the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament. Written in Alexandria 
sometime after 130 B.c. 

The Sibylline Oracles, poems put forth as utterances of the Greek 
oracles. The collection as a whole is from many authors and centuries. 
The Jewish portions, Book III, lines 97-828 (or 97-294, and 489-end) are 
assigned to the second century B.c. 


10 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


Second Maccabees, similar in general character to I Maccabees, and 
covering in part the same period (175-161 B.c.), but an independent work, 
an epitome of an older work by a Hellenistic Jew, Jason of Cyrene. Unlike 
I Maccabees, its author takes the Pharisaic point of view, teaching a bodily 
resurrection, of the righteous only, to eternal life. Jason’s material is sup- 
posed to have been written before 130 s.c., the epitome later-in the same 
century. 

Third Maccabees, a narrative of events of the reign of Ptolemy IV 
(217 B.c.), probably written not long after II Maccabees, from older sources. 

Fourth Maccabees, a lecture or sermon, written by an Alexandrian Jew, 
himself familiar with Greek philosophy and influenced by Stoicism, but 
thoroughly Jewish in his point of view. According to Charles, it was 
produced between 63 B.c. and 38 A.D. 

Additions to Esther, written in the first century B.c. 

The Wisdom of Solomon, one of the most important of the non- 
Palestinian Jewish books, belonging, as its title suggests, to the wisdom 
literature. Writtenin the last half of the first century B.c. 

The Secrets of Enoch, an apocalyptic work produced in Egypt, probably 
between 1 and 50 4.p. It reflects orthodox Hellenistic Judaism. It teaches 
the pre-existence of souls and their future existence; has no doctrine of a 
Messiah. Cited in this work as II Enoch. ; 

The Works of Philo Judaeus, the most famous and the most voluminous 
of the Alexandrian Jewish writers. Well read in the learning of the Greeks, 
thoroughly familiar with the Old Testament, he aimed in his numerous 
essays ‘‘to impart to Jews the cultivation of the Greeks, and to Greeks the 
religious knowledge of the Jews’’ (Schuerer). He was born before and died 
after Jesus, and his writings may be dated approximately 15-45 a.p. 

First Baruch 4:5—5:9, a psalm of exhortation and encouragement to 
Ysrael after the destruction of Jerusalem, more hostile to Rome than the 
earlier chapters of the book. Written. about 78 a.p. 

The Works of Flavius Josephus, the most famous and the most volumi- 
nous historian of the Jews. A later contemporary of Philo; unlike him he 
lived most of his life in Palestine, but wrote in Rome, after the destruction 
of Jerusalem. The Jewish War is assigned to about 75 A.p., the Antiquities 
to the last decade of the century. 

The Books of Adam and Eve, a version or source of which is also erro- 
neously called the Apocalypse of Moses, are non-Palestinian and posé- 
Christian, but it is impossible to date them accurately. 

Third Baruch, the work of a Hellenistic Jew somewhat influenced by 
oriental thought; in its present form revised by a Christian redactor. 
Both the original work and the Christian redaction come from the first half 
of the second century A.D. 

Prayer of Manasses, a penitential prayer found in the Christian ‘‘Di- 
dascalia,’’ itself the basis of the first six books of the Apostolic Constitu- 
tions. The Didascalia are assigned to the third century a.p. If, as is 
supposed, the prayer was written by a Hellenistic Jew and taken up by the 
Christian author, it is, of course, somewhat earlier; too far removed from 
the time of Jesus to be of much significance in the study of his teaching. 


INTRODUCTION 11 


II. PALESTINIAN Booxs 


The Book of Tobit, a narrative with a moral aim, of somewhat uncertain 
date, but possibly as late as 170 B.c. 

The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach, called also Ecclesiasticus, written 
in Hebrew not long after 200 B.c., perhaps between 190 and 170 B.c.; trans- 
lated into Greek, 132 B.c. 

The Book of Daniel, partly narrative, partly apocalyptic. Though 
included in the Old Testament, it is later than some of the books that were 
excluded from the Hebrew canon. It was written between 168 and 165 B.c. 

The Book of Enoch, a composite apocalyptic work, the various parts of 
which were written at dates varying from before 170 B.c. to 64 A.D. (see 
Charles, Book of Enoch, pp. 24-33). The part of most interest to the student 
of the gospels is Part II, the Similitudes or Parables, which Charles assigns, 
with the exception of 56:5—57:3, to the years 94-79 or 70-64 B.c. Dated 

‘ inclusively herein as 94-64 B.c. Sometimes called, from the version in which 
we possess it, The Ethiopic Enoch; cited in this work asI Enoch. Part I, 
chaps. 1-36; Part II, chaps. 37-71; Part III, chaps. 72-82; Part IV, 
chaps. 83-90; Part V, chaps. 91-104. Chapter 105 is an undated fragment. 
Chapters 106-7, from the Book of Noah, date from 161 B.c. 

The Book of Judith, a historical romance, with religious purpose, 
probably written about 150 B.c. 

First Maccabees, a narrative work covering the period of Jewish history, 
175-135 B.c. Written in the latter part of the second century B.c.; assigned 
by Charles to 1386 B.c. The author is a patriotic Hebrew who praises the 
Maccabees, shows no expectation of a Messiah, or of life after death. He 
was probably a Sadducee. Though he was a devout believer in God, the 
words ‘‘God”’ and ‘“‘Lord”’ do not occur, ‘‘heaven”’ or a pronoun being used. 

The Book of Jubilees, a re-writing for controversial purposes of Genesis 
and Exodus. The author was a Pharisee of the more pronounced legalistic 
type, who strenuously opposed any relaxation of the Jewish law. His point 
of view is similar to that of the legalists whom Jesus and Paul opposed. He 
wrote in the reign of John Hyrcanus, 135-105 B.c., probably after 109 B.c. 

The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, a didactic work cast in the form 
of the last words—so-called ‘‘testaments’’—of the sons of Jacob to their 
sons. Like the Book of Jubilees, it was written in the reign of John 
Hyrcanus, probably between 109 and 105 B.c. The author, like the con- 
temporary author of Jubilees, is a legalistic Pharisee, but decidedly less 
narrow in his nationalism and legalism. 

First Esdras, a narrative of Jewish history from Josiah’s Passover to the 
reading of the law by Ezra (621-444 B.c.) based on II Chronicles, Ezra, 
and Nehemiah, constituting practically another edition of the Ezra-Nehemiah 
contained in the canonical Old Testament. Thedate of this Greek editionis 
not definitely known. 

Susanna, a Pharisaic writing of the early part of the first century B.c., 
a defense of the need and value of cross-examining informers. 

The Psalms of Solomon, a most interesting collection of psalms, doubtless 
written by Pharisees after the break of that party with the Maccabean 
princes, when instead of accepting John Hyrcanus as the Messiah they 


12 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


denounced his descendants and their adherents as ‘‘the sinners.’”? They 
predict the coming of a Davidic Messiah of high moral and religious char- 
acter. The collection may be dated about 60 B.c. 

Fragments of a Zadokite Work, the product of a reformed party arising 
within Sadduceeism ax the name suggests, but opposed both to contemporary 
Sadduceeism and to Pharisaism. Charles dates the book between 18 B.c. 
and 70 4.p., and inclines to put it before 8 B.c. 

The Assumption of Moses, an apocalyptic work cast in the form of an 
address of Moses to Joshua, written in the lifetime of Jesus, about 7 a.p., by 
a Pharisee of a point of view similar to that of the Psalms of Solomon. 

First Baruch 1:1-—4:4, a work consisting of narrative introduction, 
prayer of repentance, and psalm; professedly written in the Babylonian 
captivity, but shown by internal evidence to have been produced soon after 
the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 s.p., the psalm, however, being of earlier 
date. Its religious ideas are simple but lofty. 

Second Baruch, a composite apocalyptic work written partly before and 
partly after the destruction of Jerusalem; Pharisaic in its point of view. _ 

The Martyrdom of Isaiah, an account of the sawing asunder of the 
prophet at the order of King Manasseh. First century, A.D. 

Fourth Esdras (II Esd., chaps. 3-14), an apocalyptic work lamenting 
the destruction of Jerusalem; evidently related to the preceding, and 
probably subsequent to it, dating in its final form, 100-135 a.p. 


IV. THE Us OF THE SOURCES 

The facts briefly summarized above lead to several conclusions 
which have an important bearing upon our present study: 

1. What is directly given us in any of our gospels or in any of our 
identifiable sources is testimony to the views of Jesus and of his teaching 
which were held by Christians in the period in which the extant books 
or their sources were produced. 

2. We can ascertain the original teachings ‘of Jesus-—his exact 
words are perhaps in no case to be recovered with entire certainty- - 
by a process of moving back from our latest extant sources to our 
earliest discoverable sources, and by a comparison of sources not related 
to one another as respectively original and derivative. When one 
document is clearly the source of another, the earlier is manifestly to 
be preferred, but when two documents are not thus related, the process 
of determining which is more primitive and historically correct is more 
delicate and complex. The great central elements of Jesus’ thought 
are discoverable beyond all reasonable doubt. More exact knowledge 
can be attained only by careful comparative study. 

3. But every statement of any of the gospels is authentic in the 
sense that it reflects for us the opinions held by the Christians of a 
certain time. To the student of the origin of early Christianity, no 
sentence of the gospels, Acts, or epistles, is to be set aside as having no 


INTRODUCTION 13 


value for his task. Comparison may be necessary, and the recognition 
that certain testimony is inferior to certain other when one is inquiring 
after the teaching of Jesus; but it is all valuable for the history of early 
Christianity. 

4. This suggests that we not only approach the teaching of Jesus 
through the views of the early church about that teaching, but that we 
definitely include in our study those interpretations of Jesus’ teaching 
which our sources show to have been held in different times. This 
enlarges the scope of our course so that its full title would be The Teach- 
ing of Jesus as Understood in the Early Church, and as Presented by Him- 
self. The advantage of this conception of our task is threefold: 

a) It gives greater definiteness and tangibility to our work. 
Instead of always grasping after the original teaching of Jesus, per- 
haps often conscious that we can not firmly grasp it, we seek first for 
that of which we have definite evidence, viz., a given writer’s under- 
standing of Jesus’ teaching. 

b) We gain directly and consciously, instead of incidentally, a 
knowledge of the thought of the early church, and thus achieve a larger 
result than by confining ourselves to Jesus’ teaching as originally given. 

c) We come nearer to an exact knowledge of Jesus’ own teaching 
than by the other method, because we give full significance to all the 
historic facts, instead of setting aside as irrelevant a portion of them 
which is intimately intertwined with those that we are searching for, 
and trying to deal only with the remainder. 

It may be objected that this order of procedure involves a reversal 
of the genetic method, and that we ought rather to begin with the historic 
background of Jesus’ teaching—i.e., the doctrines of current Judaism— 
and, connecting Jesus’ teaching with this, note how it modified it, and 
then proceed to show how it was itself in turn modified after him by his 
disciples and the early church. There is force in the objection, and if 
we possessed a record of Jesus’ teaching which came directly from him, 
it would undoubtedly be wiser to proceed in the way suggested. Or 
if we could presuppose a critical process by which we should arrive at 
an exact knowledge of the original teachings of Jesus, we might proceed 
in this way. But, inasmuch as we have no record of Jesus’ words that 
comes directly from him, and inasmuch as we must in fact always work 
with the gospels of the New Testament as our chief sources of informa- 
tion, not with a fifth gospel arrived at by a process of literary criticism, 
it is necessary to approach the problem through these gospels, and 
wisest to ask first what they represent as the thought of Jesus, and then 
what thought of Jesus lay behind them. In reaching this latter, it will 
be expedient, so far as practicable, to take into account the views 
current in Judaism in Jesus’ day, and, in so far as time permits, it will 


14 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


be well, having traced the thought of the church back from its later 
expression in John through the earlier books to Jesus, and having 
availed ourselves in our effort to understand Jesus of the contemporary 
thought, then to retrace our steps in the reverse, i.e., the genetic, order. 
But we must begin with the gospels, and our first effort must be to 
follow the stream upward to its starting-point. 


V. THE SELECTION OF TOPICS TO BE INVESTIGATED 


It is manifestly necessary in studying the teaching of Jesus to divide 
the subject into its natural divisions, and in listing and arranging the 
topics of the investigation, as well as in studying them when so arranged, 
it is eminently desirable to occupy the point of view of the biblical 
writer, and to approach things as he approached them. But, if all 
available sources are to be used, it is impossible to occupy the point of 
view and follow the order of thought of them all, unless each source is 
treated completely by itself. To this course there are grave objections, 
and the better, more practicable, plan is probably to take the point of 
view which is largely common to the three synoptists, as being a middie 
ground between Jesus himself and the Fourth Gospel, employ under 
each topic all the material we possess, and make such adjustments to 
this point of view as may be found necessary. 


VI. A METHOD OF STUDY 


1. This book has been prepared as an instrument for the original 
study of the source material bearing upon and related to the teaching 
of Jesus. Under each topic selected as suggested above, are printed: 

a) The Johannine passages dealing with this topic. 

b) The synoptic passages dealing with this topic. 

c) Passages selected from the Jewish literature and illustrating 
the views of Jesus’ contemporaries.! 

d) To these printed texts are added references to modern literature. 

2. It is advised that each student shall, in the case of each topic: 

a) Make an exegetical study of the Johannine passages. 

b) Make a separate exegetical study of the synoptic passages. 

c) Read the passages from the Jewish literature, distinguishing 
between those which, coming from Hellenistic literature, are more 
nearly related to the Fourth Gospel, and those which, coming from the 
Palestinian literature, are more akin to the Synoptic Gospels. 

d) Write out a statement of: (1) the Johannine teaching; (2) the 
synoptic teaching; (3) the views of Jesus’ contemporaries, non- 
Palestinian and Palestinian; (4) Jesus’ own teaching. 

1 For clearness and uniformity in arrangement, the headings, ‘‘Non-Palestinian,’’ 


“‘Palestinian,’’ and ‘‘The Johannine Teaching,’’ have been preserved throughout. When 
no passages are quoted, it is because none bearing upon the topic has been observed. 


INTRODUCTION 15 


In considering the Johannine and the synoptic teaching, the possi- 
bility that different views are reflected in the same gospel, or in the differ- 
ent gospels of the synoptic group, must not be overlooked. A distinction 
may sometimes be made between the views of the evangelists and those 
which they ascribe to Jesus. But often, especially in the Fourth 
Gospel, this distinction can not be successfully drawn. The view which 
the writers ascribe to Jesus, they themselves hold; what they them- 
selves hold they conceive Jesus to have held. In such cases, one must 
state under any topic the views found in the evangelists, whether put 
into the mouth of Jesus or expressed by the evangelists themselves. 
In all cases, the effort must be made to reflect the gospels precisely. 

e) Read, if practicable, one or more of the modern writers cited on 
the topics (taking care, however, that such reading does not obscure the 
testimony of the gospels themselves), and make such changes in the 
statement (d) as may appear necessary in the light of this reading. 

3. If the book is used in class work, the statements prepared by the 
students may wisely be read and be made the basis of discussion. With 
this in view, the statements should be comprehensive, rather than 
detailed and exhaustive. 

4. The members of the class should take notes of the classroom 
discussion. 

5. After the classroom discussion, each student should, if necessary, 
revise his own statement, under the influence of the discussion. The 
result of this process pursued day after day and week after week should 
be a work on “‘The Teaching of Jesus”’ prepared by each member of 
the class on the basis of his own study but with the help of outside 
reading and classroom discussion. Occasionally, the teacher may find 
it well himself to sum up the teaching on a given topic. . 

_ 6. It will be well for the instructor occasionally to examine the 
notebooks of the students, or call for the papers not read in class, and 
to return them with careful criticism of the method followed, rather 
than of conclusions reached. 


VII. POINT OF VIEW AND ATTITUDE 


But method alone is not sufficient to secure results. With this it 
is indispensable to combine a proper point of view and attitude of mind. 

1. It is important to maintain a clear distinction between the 
ultimate and the immediate purpose of the study. The ultimate motive 
of such study is the discovery for ourselves and others of the principles on 
which human life can best be lived, and a contribution to the actual 
living of life in accordance with these principles. It was never more 
clear than it is today that, in the ideas of Jesus, we have the highest 
ideals of life, individual and social, which the world possesses. But to 


16 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


make these ideas effective, they must be understood. Hence arises the 
necessity of study, and our immediate purpose, viz., to ascertain and 
interpret the teachings of Jesus from the ecords that have been 
preserved. 

2. To the most effective achievement of ch an uinderstananne of 
the teaching of Jesus, one must work in an atmosphere of interest in, 
and understanding of, the actual problems and tasks of our own day. 
The purely scholastic attitude of detachment from our own time and 
its problems is not conducive either to vivid conception of the problems 
of the first century or to the best use of the results of our study of the 
thought of that ancient period. 

3. On the other hand, it must be clearly recognized and kept in 
mind that our present task is a historical one, and we must not prejudice 
our decision as to what Jesus taught by our feeling as to whether such 
teaching is workable today. Jesus and his early followers and reporters 
must be allowed to say exactly what they thought. The question 
whether we can adopt and follow that teaching must be treated quite 
distinctly from the historical question. 

4, This in turn demands a sympathetic and intelligent attitude 
toward the problems with which Jesus and the early church dealt, and 
an understanding both of their own positions and of those which they 
opposed. Unless, e.g., we understand the position of the legalist, whom 
both Jesus and Paul opposed, we shall not understand Jesus. But it 
is still more important to be in sympathy with Jesus; to appreciate 
and to share his way of looking at life, his feeling about God and about 
men. Formulation of his opinions on the basis of proof-texts does not 
necessarily give one these things. One must put one’s self in his posi- 
tion; enter by imagination and reflection into his mental and emotional 
attitude. We must, as far as possible, re-experience his experience, and 
interpret his teaching as the product of his experience. 

5. But this again demands experience on our part. It is difficult 
for one who has never felt fear to understand the experience of one who 
is afraid; or for one who has never loved to understand the lover; for 
one who has never had a sense of God to understand one to whom such 
a sense is the deepest fact of his consciousness. The richer and deeper 
our own experience, the more capable do we become of understanding 
Jesus and so of comprehending his teaching. 

6. Finally, full success in this study calls for the cultivation of that 
sense for fact and intellectual honesty which were so characteristic of 
Jesus himself. He saw things undistorted by prejudice or bigutry. 
No popular judgment, or tradition of the elders, or law of Moses, could 
prevent his seeing that moral character is not the product of food, but 
of conduct; or that men’s thoughts are deeper than their deeds; or 


INTRODUCTION Li 


that the Sabbath is not an end in itself, but a means to an end. If we 
would understand him, we must in this be like him, open-minded and 
honest with the facts and with ourselves. To the Old Testament 
command, ‘‘Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor,” 
we need to add the equally important one, ‘‘Thou shalt not lie to 
thyself.”’ 

Such honesty with ourselves does not imply harshness with others 
who happen not to see things as we do, or a belligerent thrusting of our 
opinions, new-found perhaps, upon others. The development of human 
life: by an evolutionary educational process contributes most to human 
welfare. But no amount of patience or gentleness or tolerance toward 
others can excuse us from open-mindedness and honesty with ourselves. 
A prime condition of success in arriving at truth is that honesty with 
one’s self which was so marked a characteristic of Jesus. 

The student who comes to the study of the teaching of Jesus in 
this spirit, and who prosecutes it with patience and diligence, is entering 
upon a study of profound interest and rich rewards in knowledge and 
character. 


CHAPTER I ’ 


THE PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 
OF JESUS’ TEACHING 


1. THE WORLD IN WHICH HE LIVED, 


What any man thought or taught can not be understood adequately 
apart from some knowledge of the world in which he lived, because all 
his thinking and teaching are necessarily related to that world. But | 
it is not the external and objective world as such that it is necessary for 
the interpreter to understand, but the thought-world—the world of 
which the thinker or teacher is aware and of which he takes account. 
This thought-world, on the other hand, is not wholly internal and 
subjective. It consists of everything of which he takes account in 
his thinking, including beings and things which he believes to exist, 
whether actually existing or not, and those ideas of whose prevalence 
he is aware and takes cognizance. Thus the mountains and the 
streams which a person looks upon, the government and the schools with 
which he comes into contact, are parts of his world, but so also are 
the gods that he believes in, and the demons in which, even if he does 
not himself believe in them, he knows that his contemporaries believe. 

The task of ascertaining the thought-world of Jesus is complicated 
by the way in which his teaching has come to us, as already pointed 
out in the Introduction. For completeness we ought to distinguish: (a) 
the thought-world of the author of the Fourth Gospel; (b) the thought- 
world in which he represents Jesus as living; (c) the thought-world of the 
several synoptists; (d) the thought-world in which they represent Jesus 
as living; (e) the actual thought-world of Jesus. The attempt, however, — 
to state each of these five separately would involve much repetition, 
and would, moreover, call for a discrimination between the thought- 
world of the evangelists and that which they ascribe to Jesus that would 
be very difficult to make with certainty. For practical purposes, we 
may then gather our material under three heads: (a) the thought- 
world of the Fourth Gospel; (6) the thought-world of the synoptists; 
(c) the thought-world of Jesus. Under (a) and (6) however, note may 
be made of any elements of the thought-world of the gospels that are 
not ascribed to Jesus, and under (6) of any differences among the synop- 
tists themselves. 

To discover the thought-world of Jesus himself, one will leave 
behind, as not belonging to his world, not only ideas, like that of the 


18 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 19 


“Word” in John 1:1, which the writer himself implies were not current 
in Jesus’ world, but if there be such, any other which the total evidence 
tends to show found their way into the gospels, not from Jesus’ own 
world, but in the process of adaptation to the needs of the age for which 
the gospels were written. 

In reading all the gospels, attention should be given to such matters 
as these: where Jesus lived and did his work; the political situation; 
the various elements of the population; the industrial and social life 
of the people among whom he lived; references to animate and inani- 
mate nature; religious parties, institutions, customs; outstanding 
religious and philosophic ideas; prevalent conceptions of God and of 
humanity; attitude of people toward Jesus; the supernatural. 


A. Tuer JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Read the whole Gospel of John, noting its evidence on the various 
points just enumerated. Consider especially the following: 


I THE COUNTRY IN WHICH JESUS LIVED, ITS CITIES AND BUILDINGS 


Jn 1:28 These things occurred in Bethany (mg. Bethabarah) 
beyond Jordan where John was baptizing. 

Jn 2:1, 2 And... . there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee; 
and the mother of Jesus was there; 2 and Jesus also was invited, and 
his disciples, to the marriage. 

Jn 2:18, 14 And the Passover of tha. Jews was near at hand, and 
Jesus went up to Jerusalem. 14 And he found in the temple-area the 
sellers of oxen and sheep and doves, and the money-changers sitting at 
their tables. (See also 5:1.) 

_ Jn 3:22 After these things Jesus and his disciples came into the 
Judean country. 

Jn 4:1-5 When therefore the Lord knew that the Pharisees had 

heard that Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John 

... 3 he left Judea and departed again into Galilee. 4 And he had 
to pass through Samaria. 5 So he came to a city of Samaria called 
Sychar. 

Jn 4:46 He came, therefore, again to Cana of Galilee. 

Jn 5:1, 2 After these things there was a feast of the Jews, and 
Jesus went up to Jerusalem. 2 Now there is in Jerusalem at the 
sheep (gate), a pool, called in Hebrew Bethzatha, with five porches. 

Jn 6:1 After these things Jesus went away to the other side of 
the Sea of Galilee. 

Jn 6:59 These things he said in the synagogue, as he taught in 
Capernaum. 


20 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Jn7:1,2 After these things Jesus walked in Galilee: for he would 
not walk in Judea, because the Jews sought to kill him. 2 Now the 
feast of the Jews, the feast of Tabernacles, was athand. (Cf. vss. 9, 25.) 

Jn 10:22, 23 Then occurred the feast of the Dedication at Jeru- 
salem: it was winter. 23 And Jesus was walking in the temple in 
Solomon’s Porch. 

Jn 10:40 And he went away again beyond Jordan into the place 
where John began baptizing. 

Jn 11:1, 18 And a certain man was sick, Lazarus of Bethany. 

. 18 Now Bethany was near Jerusalem, about two miles distant. 

Jn 11:54 Jesus, therefore, no longer went about openly among the 
Jews, but went away (from Jerusalem) into the country, near the 
wilderness, to a city called Ephraim. 

Jn 12:1 Jesus, therefore, six days before the Passover, came to 
Bethany. 

Jn 12:12,13 On the next day the multitude, a great one, that had 
come to the feast, when they heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem, 

. 18 went out to meet him. 

fs 18:20 Jesus answered him, I have Ae openly to the world; 
I have always taught in synagogues and in the temple, where all the 
Jews come together; and I have said nothing in secret. 


II. THE POLITICAL CONDITIONS AND RELIGIOUS PARTIES AND CUSTOMS 


Jn 1:19-24 And this is the testimony of John when the Jews sent 
priests and Levites to ask him, Who are you? 2C And he said quite 
frankly and definitely, I am not the Christ. 21 And they askec him, 
What then? Are you Elijah? And he said, I am not. Are you the 
prophet? And he answered, No. 22 They said, therefore, ‘Tell us then 
who you are, that we may give an answer to those that sent us. What 
do you say about yourself? 23 He said, I am the voice of one crying 
in the wilderness, Make straight the way of the Lord, as said Isaiah 
the prophet. 24 And they had been sent from the Pharisees. 

Jn 3:1, 2 Now there was (in Jerusalem) a man of the Pharisees, 
named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews: 2 the same came to him by night. 

Jn 7:32 The Pharisees heard the multitude murmuring these 
things concerning him; and the chief priests and the Pharisees sent 
police officers to seize him. 

Jn 7:45-48 The officers, therefore, came to the chief priests and 
Pharisees; and they said to them, Why have you not brought him? 
46 The officers answered, He speaks as no man ever spoke. 47 The 
Pharisees answered them, Have you also been deceived? 48 Has any 
of the rulers, or of the Pharisees believed in him? 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 21 


Jn11:47-51 The chief priests, therefore, and the Pharisees gathered 
a council, and said, What are we to do in view of the fact that this 
man is doing many signs? 48 If we continue to let him alone, all men 
will believe on him: and the Romans will come and take away both 
the standing and status as a nation that we now possess. 49 But a 
certain one of them, Caiaphas, being high priest that year, said to them, 
You know nothing, 50 and are not taking account of the fact that it is 
for our advantage that one man die for the people, rather than that the 
whole nation perish. 51 Now this he said not of himself, but, being 
high priest that year, he prophesied that Jesus would die for the nation. 

Jn 11:57 Now the chief priests and the Pharisees had given com- 
mandment, that, if any man knew where he was, he should make it 
known, that they might seize him. 

Jn 18:3 Judas then, having received the band (of Roman soldiers), 


Jn 18:12, 18 So the band (of Roman soldiers) and the chiliarch 
and the pilise officers of the Jews seized Jesus, and bound him 13 and 
led him to Annas first; for he was father-in-law to Caiaphas who was 
high priest that year. 

Jn 18:24 Annas therefore sent him bound to Caiaphas the high 


priest. 
Jn 18:28-31 They led Jesus therefore from Caiaphas into the 
residence of the Roman procurator; .... and they themselves did 


not go in, that they might not be defiled, but might eat the Passover. 
29 Pilate therefore went out to them, and said, What accusation do you 
bring against this man? 30 They answered him, If he were not an 
evil-doer, we should not have delivered him up to you. 31 Pilate 
therefore said to them, Take him yourselves, and judge him according 
to your law. The Jews said to him, It is not lawful for us to put any 
man to death. (Cf. vss. 33-40, and 19:1-22. See also references to 
chief priests and Pharisees in 3:1; 7:32, 45-48; 11:47-51; 18:3, 12, 
13, 24, 28-31 above; also the numerous passages which speak of ‘‘the 
Jewe. sot asld, 18; 3°17) 0:1)°10, 18; 6241, 52; \'721).11 (ef. var25); 
also references to the feasts in 2:13; 5:1; 7:2; 10:22; 12:1; 18:28 
above.) 


Ill. THE FAMILY AND FRIENDS OF JESUS 


Jn 1:45 Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. 

Jn2:12 After this he went down to Capernaum, he and his mother, 
and his brothers and his disciples. (Cf. vss. 1-5). 

Jn 6:42 And they said, Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose 
father and mother we know? How can he say, I have come down out 
of heaven? 


22 Toe TEACHING OF JESUS 


Jn 7:2, 3,5 Now the feast of the Jews, the feast of Tabernacles, 
was at hand. 38 His brothers therefore said to him, Depart hence, 
and go into Judea, that your disciples also may see your works which 
WANT CO et sits 5 For even his brothers did not believe in him. 

Jn 7:40-42 Some of the multitude, therefore, when they heard 
these words, said, Surely this is the prophet. 41 Others said, This is 
the Christ. But some said, What, does the Christ come out of Galilee ? 
42 Does not the scripture say that the Christ comes of the seed of David, 
and from Bethlehem, the village where David was? 

Jn 19:19 And Pilate wrote a title also, and put it on the cross. 

. Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews. . 


IV. NATURE AND THE OCCUPATIONS OF MEN 


Jn 10:2-4, 10-12 He that enters by: the door is the shepherd of the 
sheep. 3 To him the porter opens; and the sheep hear his voice: 
and he calls his own sheep by name, and leads them out. 4 When 
he has put forth all his own, he goes before them, and the sheep follow 
him: for they know his voice. .... 10 The thief comes only to steal, 
and kill, and destroy. .... 1 Best saPs The good shepherd lays down 
his life for the sheep.- 12 The hireling, who is not a shepherd, to whom 
the sheep do not belong, sees the wolf coming, and leaves the a and 
flees, and the wolf seizes them and scatters them. 

Jn 12:24 Unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it 
remains a single grain; but if it dies, it produces many more. 

Jn 15:4 As the branch can not bear fruit of itself, unless it abides 
in the vine. .... 

Jn 16:21 A woman when she is in travail is sorrowful because her | 
hour has come: but when the child is born she forgets the pain, for joy 
that a man is born into the world. 


V. SOCIAL CUSTOMS 


Jn 12:1-3 Six days before the Passover accordingly Jesus came 
to Bethany, where Lazarus was, whom Jesus raised from the dead. 
2 They made him a supper there: and Marthaserved; but Lazarus was 
one of them that sat at the table with him. 3 Mary therefore took a 
pound of ointment, spikenard, very precious, and anointed the feet of 
Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with 
the odor of the ointment. (See also 2:1-12; 11:1-3.) 


VI. PLACES OF WORSHIP, SACRIFICES, AND OFFERINGS 


Jn 2:13-16 And the Passover of the Jews was near at hand, and 
Jesus went up to Jerusalem. 14 And he found in the temple area the 
sellers of sheep and oxen and doves, and the money changers sitting at 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS a 


their tables. 15 And making a scourge out of ropes he drove them 
all out of the temple area, and the sheep and the oxen, and poured out 
the coins of the money changers, and overturned their tables, 16 and 
to those that were selling doves he said, Take these away; do not make 
my Father’s house a trading place. 

Jn 4:19-24 The woman (of Samaria) said to him, Sir, I see that 
you are a prophet. 20 Our fathers worshipped in this mountain, and 
you Jews say that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. 
21 Jesus said to her, Believe me, woman, the hour is coming when you 
will worship the Father—neither in Jerusalem, nor in this mountain. 
22 You worship without knowing what you worship. We worship 
and know what we worship; because salvation comes from the Jews. 
23 But an hour is coming, yes, has come, when the true worshipper 
will worship the Father in spirit and truth. For the Father seeks such 
to worship him. 24 God is a spirit, and those that worship him must 
worship in spirit and truth. 

Jn6:59 These things he said as he was teaching in the synagogue in 
Capernaum. 

_ ‘VII. RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND PRACTICES 


Jn 1:17 The law was given by Moses; grace and truth came by 
Jesus Christ. (See also 1:23, 45; 2:22; 12:38-41; 19:24, 36.) 

Jn 1:41 He (Andrew) first found his own brother Simon, and 
said to him, We have found the Messiah (which is, being interpreted, 
Christ). 

Jn 1:45 Philip found Nathanael, and said to him, We have found 
him of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets wrote, Jesus of 
Nazareth, the son of Joseph. 

Jn 1:49 Nathanael answered him, Rabbi, you are the Son of 
God; you are King of Israel. (See also 1:19-24, under II above, and 
3:28.) 

Jn 2:23 Now when he was in Jerusalem at the Passover, many 
believed on his name, seeing his signs which he did. 

Jn 3:2 Nicodemus said to him, Rabbi, we know that you have 
come from God, as a teacher; for no man can do these signs that you 
do unless God is with him. 

Jn4:25 The woman (of Samaria) said to him, I know that Messiah 
is coming (he that is called Christ): when he has come, he will tell us 
all things. 

Jn 5:10 The Jews said to the man that had been cured, It is the 
Sabbath, and it is not lawful for you to take up your bed. (See context 
under 7, 1, A.) 

Jn 5:39 You study the Scriptures, because you think that in 
them you have eternal life. 


24 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


Jn 5:46 If you believed Moses you would believe me; for he 
wrote of me. 

Jn 7:7 The world can not hate you; but it hates me because I 
testify of it that its works are evil. (Cf. 3:19-21.) 

Jn 7:19 Did not Moses give you the law, and yet none of you 
keeps the law? (Se also 8:56; 10:34-36.) 

Jn 7:20 The multitude said, You have a demon. Who is trying 
to kill you? 

Jn 7:22, 23 Moses gave you circumcision, not that it originated 
with him, but with the fathers, and on the Sabbath you circumcise a 
man. 23 If a man can be circumcised on the Sabbath that the law of 
Moses may not be broken, are you angry with me because I made whole 
and sound on the Sabbath? 

Jn 7:26, 27 Can it be that the rulers indeed know that this is the 
Christ? 27 But we know this man and where he comes from: but 
when the Christ comes, no one will know where he comes from. 

Jn 7:31 But of the multitude many believed in him; and they 
said, When the Christ comes, will he do more signs than those which 
this man has done? (See also 7:40-42 and 7:45-48.) 

Jn 7:49 But the multitude that do not know the law are accursed. 

Jn 7:52 Search and see that no prophet comes out of Galilee. 

Jn 8:23 And he said to them, You are from beneath; Ts am from 
above: you are of this world; I am not of this world. 

Jn 8:33 They said to him, We are Abraham’s seed, and have 
never yet been in bondage to any man. 

Jn 8:37 I know that you are Abraham’s seed; yet you are trying 
to kill me. 

Jn 8:39-42, 44 They said to him, Our father is Abraham. Jesus 
said to them, If you were Abraham’s children, you would do the works 
of Abraham. 40 But now you are trying to kill me, a man that told 
you the truth which I heard from God: this is not what Abraham did. 


41 You do the works of your father. They said to him.... We 
have one Father, even God. 42 Jesus said to them, If God were your 
Father you would love me..... 44 You are of your father the devil, 


and the desires of your father you will to do. 

Jn 8:48, 52,53 The Jews said to him, Were we not right in saying 
that you were a Samaritan and had ademon? .... 52 Now we know 
that you have a demon. Abraham is dead, and the prophets, and yet 
you say, If a man shall live according to my words, he will never die. 
538 Are you greater than our father Abraham? 

Jn 9:16, 24, 28, 29 Some therefore of the Pharisees ae This 
man is not from God, because he does not keep the Sabbath. But 
others said, How can a man that is a sinner do such signs? And there 


7 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 25 


was a division among them..... 24 So they called a second time 
the man that was blind, and said to him, Give glory to God: we know 
that this man is a sinner..... 28 And they reviled him, and said, 


You are his disciple; but we are disciples of Moses. 29 We know that 
God has spoken to Moses: but as for this man we do not know where 
he comes from. 

Jn 10:20, 21 Many of them said, He has a demon and is crazy. 
Why do you listen to him? 21 Others said, These are not the words 
of a man that has a demon. Can a demon open blind people’s eyes? 

Jn 10:24 The Jews therefore came around him, and said to him, 
How long are you going to hold us in suspense? If you are the Christ, 
tell us plainly. 

_ dn 19:7 We have a law, and by that law he ought to die, because 
he made himself the Son of God. 


B. Tur Synoptic TEACHING 


I. THE COUNTRY IN WHICH JESUS LIVED, ITS CITIES 
AND BUILDINGS 


Mk 1:9 And in those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee, 
and was baptized by John in the Jordan [18. Mt 3:13]. 

Mk 1:14 Now after John was thrown into prison Jesus came into 
Galilee, preaching the gospel of God [20. Mt 4:12, 138!; Lk 4:14]. 

Mk 1:16 And as he was passing along the Sea of Galilee? he saw 
Simon and Andrew the brother of Simon casting a net in the Sea 
[22. Mt 4:18]. 

Mk 1:21 And they went into Capernaum? [24. Lk 4:31]. 

Mk 1:39 And he went, preaching in their synagogues, into all 
Galilee [25. Mt. 4:23 (23) Lk 4:44]. 

Mk 2:1 And after some days he came again into Capernaum, and 
the report went out that he was at home [28. Mt 9:15]. 

Mk 2:13 And he went out again along the Sea, and all the people 
came to him, and he taught them [29; cf. also Mk 3:7 (83) 4:1 (52)], 

Mk 3:13 And he went up into the mountain, and called to him 
those whom he desired [34]. 


1 Mt 4:12, 13 reads: ‘‘ Now when he heard that John had been thrown into prison 
he withdrew into Galilee; 13 and leaving Nazareth, he came and made his home in 
Capernaum, which is by the sea, in Zebulun and Naphtali.”’ 


2Lk 5:1 (26. G) reads: ‘‘The Lake of Gennesaret.”’ 
3 Lk 4:31 adds: ‘‘a city of Galilee.” 
4Lk 4:44 reads: ‘into the synagogues of Judea.” 


5 Mt 9:1 reads: ‘‘And embarking in a boat he crossed over and came into his 
own city.” 


26 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mk 5:1 And they came to the other side of the Sea, into the 
country of the Gerasenes! [67. Mt 8:28; Lk 8:26]. 

Mk 6:45 And he compelled his disenpios to go before him to the 
other side, to Bethsaida [78. Mt 14:22]. 

Mk 6:53 And they crossed the Sea to Gennesaret [79. Mt 14:34], 

Mk 7:24 And departing thence he went away into the territory 
of Tyre and Sidon [81. Mt 15:21]. 

Mk 7:31 And again he went out from the territory of Tyre, and 
came through Sidon to the Sea of Galilee, through the territory of 
Decapolis [82. Mt 15:29]. 

Mk 8:22 And they came into Bethsaida [85]. 

Mk 8:27 And Jesus and his disciples went out into the villages 
of Caesarea Philippi [86. Mt 16:13; Lk 9:18}. 

Mk 10:1 And departing thence he came into the territory of 
Judea and? beyond Jordan [99. Mt 19:1]. 

Mk 10:46 And they came to Jericho; and'as he went out of 
Jericho .... a blind beggar was sitting by the side of the road [141. 
Mt 20:29; Lk 18:35]. 

Mk 11:1 And when they drew near to Jerusalem, to Bethphage 
and Bethany, at the Mount of Olives... . [144. Mt 21:1; Lk 
19:29]. 

Mk 11:11 And he came into Jerusalem, and went. into the temple; 
and when he had looked around at everything, it being now evening, 
he went out to Bethany with the twelve [144]. 

Mk 11:15-17. (See below under VI, p. 38.) 

Mk 14:3 And when he was in Bethany, in the house of Simon the 
leper, as he sat at table, there came a woman .... [171. Mt 26:6}. 

Mk 14:26 And having sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount 
of Olives [173. Mt 26:30]. 

Mk 14:32 And they came to a place called Gethsemane® [174. 
Mt 26:36; Lk 22:39]. 

Mk 15:22 And they brought him to a place called Golgotha, 
that is, Place of a Skull [178. Mt 27:33; Lk 23:33]. 


Lk 1:26, 27 The angel Gabriel was sent from God, to a city of 
Galilee called Nazareth, 27 to a virgin who was betrothed to a man 
named Joseph [4. LI]. 

Lk 1:39, 40 And Mary went into the hill country . . toa 
city of Judah, 40 and entered the house of Zacharias, aiid rected 
Elisabeth [6. LI]. 

1 Mt 8:28 reads: ‘“‘Gadarenes”; Lk 8:26 adds: ‘which is over against Galilee.” 


2 Mt 19:1 omits: ‘‘and.’’ Luke omits the verse. 
8 Lk 22:39 reads: ‘‘the Mount of Olives.” 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BasAL ELEMENTS 27 


Lk 2:1-7 Now in those days, Caesar Augustus issued a decree 
that all the world should be registered. 2 This was the first registry 
made when Quirinius was governor of Syria. 3 And all went to be 
registered, every one to his own city. 4 And Joseph also went up 
from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of 
David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and 
family of David; 5 to be registered with Mary, his betrothed, who was 
with child. 6 And while they were there the days of her pregnancy were 
completed. 7 And she brought forth her first born son [8. LI]. 

Lk 2:39 And when they had done all things that were required 
by the law of the Lord, they returned to Galilee, to their own city 
Nazareth [11. LI]. 

Lk 3:1, 2 Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius 
Caesar, when Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod tetrarch 
of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of the country of Ituraea and 
Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene, 2 in the high-priesthood 
of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God came to John the son of 
Zacharias in the wilderness [17. G or L’]. 

Lk 7:1 ‘And when he had finished saying all these things .... 
_ he went into Capernaum [45. G; Mt 8:5]. 

Lk 7:11 And he came to a city called Nain [46. Gj. 

Lk 9:51, 52 And when the time of his ascension drew near he 
steadfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem, 52 and sent messengers 
before him: and they went into a village of the Samaritans, to make 
ready for him [99. P]. 

Lk 10:13, 15 Woe to you, Chorazin, woe to you, Bethsaida, for 
if the great works which were done in you had been done in Tyre and 
Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. ... . 
15 And you, Capernaum, do you think that you will be exalted to 
heaven? You shall go down to Hades [101. P; Mt 11:21, 23 (47)]. 

Lk 13:1-5 Now there were present at that very time certain who 
told him of the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their 
sacrifices. 2 And he said to them, Do you suppose that these Galileans 
were worse sinners than all the other Galileans, because they have 
suffered these things? 3 No, indeed; but unless you repent, you will 
all perish, as they did. 4 Or those eighteen, upon whom the tower 
in Siloam fell, and killed them, do you suppose that they were worse 
offenders than all the other men that live in Jerusalem? 5 No indeed; 
but unless you repent, you will all perish, as they did [118. P]. 

Lk 17:11 And as he was on his way to Jerusalem, he was passing 
through Samaria and Galilee [132. P]. 

Lk 19:1 And he entered and passed through Jericho [142. P]. 


28 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mt 2:1-5 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in 
the days of Herod the king, behold, Wise-men from the east came to 
Jerusalem saying, 2 Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we 
saw his star in the east, and have come to worship him. 3 And when 
Herod the king heard it, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. 
4 And gathering together all the chief priests and scribes of the people, 
he inquired of them what was the birthplace of the Christ. 5 And they 
said to him, In Bethlehem of Judea [12. MI]. 

Mt 2:22, 23 And when he heard that Archelaus had succeeded 
his father Herod in Judea, he feared to go there to live. And being 
warned in a dream, he withdrew into Galilee, 23 and came and made 
his home in a city called Nazareth [18. MI]. . 

Mt 17:24 And when they came into Capernaum those that 
received the temple tax came to Peter, and said, Does not your teacher 
pay the temple tax [91. M?]? 


II. THE POLITICAL CONDITIONS AND RELIGIOUS PARTIES AND CUSTOMS 


Mk 6:14-28 And Herod the king! heard of him, for his name had 
become known; and he said, John the Baptizer has risen from the dead 
and therefore do the powers work in him.... . 17 For Herod him- 
self had sent forth and seized John, and thrown him into prison, on 
account of Herodias, the wife of his brother Philip, whom he had married. 
18 For John had said to Herod, It is not lawful for you to have your 
brother’s wife. 19 And Herodias set herself against him, and desired 
to kill him, but could not bring it about. 20 For Herod feared John, . 
knowing that he was a righteous and holy man, and kept him from harm, 
and when he heard him he was much perplexed yet was glad to listen 
to him. 21 But there came a convenient opportunity (for Herodias) 
when Herod on his birthday gave a feast for his chief officials and 
generals and the leading people of Galilee. 22 And the daughter of 
Herodias came in and danced, and pleased Herod and his guests. And 
the king said to the young woman, Ask whatever you wish, and I 
will give it to you. 23 And he took his oath to her, Whatever you ask 
I will give you, up to half my kingdom. 24 Andshe went out and said 
to her mother, What shall I ask for? And she said, The head of John © 
the Baptizer. 25 And she returned with haste to the king, and said, 
My wish is that you shall give me at once on a platter the head of John 
the Baptist. 26 And though he was much grieved, yet because of his 
oath and his guests, he would not refuse her. 27 And immediately he 
sent an executioner with orders to bring the head of John. And he 
went away and beheaded him in prison, 28 and brought his head on 


Mt 14:1 and Lk 9:7 read: ‘‘ Herod the tetrarch.” 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL EHLEMENTS 29 


a platter, and gave it to the young woman and she gave it to her mother 
[77. Mt 14:1-11; Lk 9:7-9; Lk 3:19, 20 (17)]. 

Mk 12:13-17 And they sent to him some of the Pharisees and of 
the Herodians, that they might catch him in his talk. 14 And when 
they came, they said to him, ... . Is it right to pay taxes to Caesar, 
or not? 15 Shall we give, or shall we not give? But he, knowing 
their hypocrisy, said to them, Why do you try to entrap me? Bring 
me a denarius, and let me see it. 16 And they brought him one. And 
he said to them, Whose is this image and superscription? And they 
said to him, Caesar’s. 17 And Jesus said to them, Pay to Caesar what 
belongs to Caesar, and to God what belongs to God. And they were 
greatly astonished at him [152. Mt 22:15-22; Lk 20:20—26]. 

Mk 14:1, 2 Now after two days was the feast of the Passover and 
the Unleavened Bread: and the chief priests and the scribes were trying 
to devise how they might take him by craft and kill him: 2 for they 
said, We must not do it during the feast, lest there be a riot among the 
people [170. Mt 26:2-5; Lk 22:1, 2]. 

Mk 14:10 And Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve, went to the chief 
priests, to betray him to them [172. Mt 26:14, 15; Lk 22:3, 4]. 

Mk 14:43 And while he was speaking, Judas, one of the twelve, 
came and with him a crowd of people with swords and staves, from the 
chief priests and the scribes and the elders [175. Mt 26:47; Lk 22:47]. 

Mk 14:53 And they led Jesus away to the high priest: and there 
came together with him all the chief priests and the elders and the 
scribes [176. Mt 26:57; Lk 22:54 (J)]. 

Mk 15:1-8 And early in the morning the chief priests with the 
elders and scribes, and the whole Sanhedrin held a consultation, and 
bound Jesus, and carried him away, and handed him over to Pilate. 
2 And Pilate asked him, Are you the King of the Jews? And he said 
to him, It is you that say so. 3 And the chief priests accused him of 
many things [177. Mt 27: 1, 2, 11, 12; Lk 23:1-3]. 


Lk 1:5a In the days of Herod, king of Judea, there was a certain 
priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abijah [8. LI]. 

Lk 2:1, 2 [8. LI]. (See above, p. 27.) 

Lk 3:1, 2 [17. G or L?]. (See above, p. 27.) 

Lk 11:58, 54 And... . the scribes and the Pharisees began to 
keep a sharp watch on him, and to ply him with questions on many 
matters, 54 laying wait for him, to catch some utterance of his [110. P]. 

Lk 13:31 In that very hour certain Pharisees came to him, and 
said, You had better leave this region, for Herod wishes to kill you 
(122. P]. 


30 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


Lk 23:1-12 And the whole company of them rose up, and brought 
him before Pilate. 2 And they began to accuse him, saying, We found 
this man perverting our nation, and forbidding to pay taxes to Caesar, 
and saying that he himself is Christ a king. 3 And Pilate asked him, 
saying, Are you the King of the Jews? And he answered, It is you that 
say so.1 4 And Pilate said to the chief priests and the multitudes, I 
find no fault in this man. 5 But they were the more urgent, saying, 
He excites the people, teaching throughout all Judea, from Galilee even 
to this place. 6 But when Pilate heard it, he asked if he was a Galilean. 
7 And when he learned that he was of Herod’s jurisdiction, he sent him 
to Herod, who was himself in Jerusalem at that time. 

8 Now when Herod saw Jesus, he was very glad: for he had long 
wished to see him, because he had heard about him; and he hoped to 
see some miracle done by him. 9 And he questioned him at length; 
but he answered him nothing. 10 And the chief priests and the scribes 
stood by, fiercely accusing him. 11 And Herod and his soldiers made 
sport of him and mocked him, and clothing him in a gay costume sent 
him back to Pilate. 12 And Herod and Pilate became friends that day: 
for before they had been at enmity [177. J, except vs. 3]. 

Lk 23:24, 25 And Pilate gave sentence according to their request. 
25 And he released him that for insurrection and murder had been 
cast into prison, and whom they had wanted released; but Jesus he 
delivered up to be treated as they wished [177. J or Mk L?]. 


Mt 2:1-5 [12. MI]. (See above, p. 28.) 

Mt 2:18, 14, 16a Now when they had gone, an angel of the Lord 
appeared to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise and take the young child, 
go with haste into Egypt, and remain there till I bring you word. 
14 And he arose and took the child and his mother and left for Egypt 
in’ the night. 3/2." 16 Then Herod, when he saw that he had been 
outwitted by the Magi, was very angry, and sent out and had all the 
male children in Bethlehem or in the vicinity that were two years old 
or younger killed [13. MI]. 


Ill. THE FAMILY AND FRIENDS OF JESUS 


Mk 3:31-35 And his mother and his brothers came, and standing 
outside the house, sent and called for him. 32 And a crowd was sitting 
around him, and they said to him, Your mother and your brothers are 
outside and are asking for you. 33 And he said, Who is my mother, 
and who are my brothers? 34 And looking around .... he said, 
These are my mother and my brothers. 35 For whoever shall do the 


1On vs. 3 compare Mk 15:2 above. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 31 


will of God, he is my brother and sister and mother [51. Mt 12:46-50; 
Lk 8:19-21]. 

Mk 6:1-4 And he came to his own city, and his disciples were 
with him. 2 And on the Sabbath he attended the synagogue, and 
preached the sermon. And the most of those who heard him were 
astonished, and said, Where did this man learn these things, and what 
is this wisdom that has been given to him, and how does he do such 
great deeds as he does? 3 Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary,! 
and the brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon? And are 
not his sisters living here with us? So he was a stumbling-block to 
them. 4 And Jesus said, A prophet is honored except in his own 
country and among his kindred and at home [69. Mt 13:54-57]. 


Lk 1:26, 27, 30, 31 And the angel Gabriel was sent by God to a 
city of Galilee called Nazareth, 27 to a virgin who was betrothed to a 
man named Joseph, of the house of David. And the virgin’s name was 
a OR ae 30 And the angel said to her, Dismiss your fears, Mary; 
you have found favor with God. 31 And you will... . bear a son, 
and you shall call his name Jesus [4. LI]. 

Lk 2:1-7. (See above, p. 27.) 

Lk 2:41-51 And the parents of Jesus were accustomed to go every 
year to Jerusalem to attend the feast of the Passover. 42 And when he 
was twelve years old, they went up as usual. 43 And when the feast 
was over, and they were returning, the boy Jesus remained behind in 
Jerusalem, and his parents were not aware of it; 44 but supposing 
him to be in the caravan, they went on till night, and then searched for 
him among their relatives and acquaintances. 45 And not finding him, 
they returned to Jerusalem, searching for him. 46 And after three 
days they found him in the temple area, sitting among the teachers, 
both listening to them and asking them questions. 47 And those who 
heard him were astonished at his intelligence and his answers. 48 And 
when his parents saw him they were greatly surprised, and his mother 
- said to him, My child, why did you treat us in this way? Your father 
and I in anguish have been searching for you. 49 And he said, Why 
were you searching for me? Did you not know that I would surely 
be in my Father’s house? 50 And they did not understand what he 
meant. 51 And he returned to Nazareth with them and was in sub- 
jection to them. And his mother cherished all these things in her 
memory. 52 And Jesus continued to advance in wisdom and stature 
and in favor with God and men [15, 16. LI]. 


1 Mt 13:55 reads: ‘Is not this the carpenter’s son?” Lk 4:22 reads: ‘Is not 
this Joseph’s son” [21. G]? 


32 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


Lk 3:23 And Jesus, when he began to teach, was about thirty 
years old, being the son, as was supposed, of Joseph. (See 3:24-38 
[18. G].) 


Mt 1:1 The genealogical record of Jesus Christ, son of David, 
son of Abraham [2. MI]. 

Mt 1:18-21 Now the birth of Jesus Christ occurred in this way. 
When his mother Mary was betrothed to Joseph, befere they began 
to live together she was found to be with child by the Holy Spirit. 19 
And Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man and not willing to 
expose her to disgrace, was inclined to divorce her secretly. 20 But 
when he thought over the matter an angel of the Lord appeared to him 
in a dream and said, Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take 
Mary your wife, for the child which is begotten in her is from the Holy 
Spirit. 21 And she will bring forth a son and you will call his name 
Jesus [5. MI]. 333 


IV. NATURE, AND THE OCCUPATIONS OF MEN 


Mk 1:16-20 And passing along by the Sea of Galilee, he saw 
Simon, and Andrew the brother of Simon, casting a net in the Sea; 
for they were fishers. 17 And Jesus said to them, Follow me, and] 
will make you fishers of men. 18 And immediately they left the nets 
and followed him. 19 And going on a little further, he saw James the 
son of Zebedee, and John his brother, who also were in the boat, putting 
their nets in order. 20 And immediately he called them: and they 
left their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired servants, and went 
after him [22. Mt 4:18-22; cf. Lk 5:1-11. (26. G)]. 

Mk 2:14,15 And as he passed by he saw Levi, the son of Alphaeus, 
sitting at the place where taxes were paid, and he said to him, Follow 
me. And he arose and followed him. 15 And as Jesus was dining at 
Levi’s house, many tax-collectors and people who did not keep the 
law were at the table with Jesus and his disciples. For there were 
many of these people [29. Mt 9:9, 10; Lk 5:27-29]. 

Mk 2:21 No one sews a piece of unshrunken cloth on an old 
garment. And if he does, the new piece that he puts on pulls away from 
the old, and there is a worse rent than before [30. Mt 9:16; Lk 5:36].! 

Mk 2:22 No one puts new wine into old wineskins. And if he 
does, the wine bursts the skins, and the wine is lost, as well as the 
skins [80. Mt 9:17; Lk 5:37]. 


1 Lk 5:36 reads: ‘‘No one tears a piece off from a new garment to make a patch 
for an old one. And if he does, he not only tears the new, but adds to the old a patch 
that does not fit it.” 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 33 


Mk 4:3-8 The sower went forth to sow: 4 and as he sowed, some 
seed fell by the wayside, and the birds came and devoured it. 5 And 
other seed fell on the rocky ground, where it had not much earth; and 
immediately it sprang up, because the soil was shallow: 6 and when the 
sun arose, it was scorched; and because it had no root, it withered 
away. 7 And other seed fell among the thorns, and the thorns grew 
up, and choked it, and it produced nothing. 8 And other seeds fell 
into the good ground, and produced a crop, growing up and increasing; 
and brought forth, thirtyfold, and sixtyfold, and a hundredfold [52. 
Mt 13:3-8; Lk 8:5-8]. 

Mk 4:26-29 The kingdom of God is like a man sowing seed in 
the ground. 27 He sleeps and rises night and day, and the seed springs 
up and grows, he knows not how. 28 The earth bears fruit of itself; 
first the blade, then the head, then the full grain in the head. 29 But 
when the grain is ripe, immediately he sends out the reapers, because 
the harvest has come [57]. 

Mk 5:11, 14 Now there was a great herd of swine there on the 
mountain, feeding..... 14 And the men that fed them fled [67. 
Mié 8:30, 33; Lk 8:32, 34]. 

Mk 12:1, 2 A man planted a vineyard, and surrounded it with a 
hedge, and dug a wine-press, and built a tower, and let it out to tenants. 

... 2 And at the proper time he sent a servant to the tenants to 
receive from them the products of the vineyard [150. Mt 21:33, 34; 
Lk 20:9, 10]. 

Mk 13:28 From the fig tree learn its parable: when its branch 
becomes. tender and puts forth leaves, you know that the summer is 
near [164. Mt 24:32; Lk 21:29, 30]. 


Mt 7:24-27 Everyone therefore who hears these words of mine, 
and obeys them, is like a wise man, who built his house upon the rock: 
25 and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, 
and beat upon that house; and it stood firm: for it was founded upon 
the rock. 26 And every one that hears these words of mine, and does 
not obey them, is like a foolish man, who built his house upon the 
sand:2 27 and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds 
blew, and smote upon that house: and it fell: and great was the fall 
of it [48. M; cf. Lk 6:47-49 (G)]. 


Lk 12:24, 27, 28 Consider the ravens: they neither sow nor 
_ reap, they have neither treasure-rooms nor storehouse, and God feeds 


1 Lk 6:48 reads: ‘‘who digged and went deep and laid a foundation on the rock.” 
2Lk 6:49 reads: ‘‘who built his house upon the earth without a foundation.” 


34 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


them; how much more valuable you are than the birds! .... 27 
Consider how the lilies grow; they neither toil nor spin; but I tell you 
that not even Solomon in all his splendor was clothed like one of these. 
28 And if God in this way clothes the grass that is in the field today, and 
tomorrow is burned up for fuel how much more certainly will he clothe 
you, you people of little faith [113. P; Mt 6:26, 28, 29]! 

Lk 13:6-9 A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard. 
And he came looking for fruit on it and found none. 7 And he said to 
the workman in charge of the vineyard, See here! for three years now 
I have come looking for fruit on this fig tree, and have found none. 
Cut it down. Why should it use up space for nothing? 8 And the 
workman said, Sir, let it alone this year also, till I dig up the ground 
and putin manure. 9 Then if it bear fruit, well. But if not, you shall — 
cut it down [118. P]. . 

Lk 14:16-19 A certain man was intending to give a great dinner. 
And he invited many guests. 17 And at the time of the dinner he sent 
his servant to say to those who had been invited, Come, for everything 
is ready. 18 And they began with one mind to ask to be excused. 
The first one said, I have bought a field and I must go and see it. I 
beg you, have me excused. 19 And another one said, I have bought 
five yoke of oxen, and I am going to try them out. I beg you, have me 
excused [123. P]. 

Lk 14:28 For who of you wishing to build a tower does not first 
sit down and estimate the cost and see whether he has enough to 
finish it [124. P]? 

Lk 15:46 Who of you that has a hundred sheep and loses one 
of them does not leave the ninety-nine in the wilderness and go after 
the lost one till he finds it? 5 And when he finds it he takes it on his 
shoulders rejoicing. 6 And coming home he calls together his friends 
and neighbors, saying to them, Rejoice with me because I have found 
my sheep that was lost [125. P; cf. Mt 18:12-14 (95. M ?)]. 

Lk 15:8 Or what woman who has ten silver coins and loses one of 
them does not light a lamp and sweep the house and search carefully 
until she finds it [126. P]? . 

Lk 15:14-16 And when he had spent all he had .... he came 
to want. 15 And he went and attached himself to one of the citizens 
of that country, and he sent him into his fields to feed swine. 16 
And he would have been glad to be fed with the carob-pods that the 
swine ate, but no man offered him any [127. P]. 

Lk 16:1-7 There was a certain rich man, who had a steward who 
was accused of having wasted his goods. 2 And he called him, and 
said to him, What is this that I hear about you? Render an account 
of your stewardship; for you can no longer be steward. 3 And the 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 35 


steward said within himself, What shall I do, since my employer is 
going to take away the stewardship from me? I have not strength 
to dig; to beg Iam ashamed. 4 I know what to do, that, when I am 
put out of the stewardship, men may receive me into their houses. 5 
And calling to him each one of his employer’s debtors, he said to the 
first, How much do you owe my master? 6 And he said, A hundred 
measures of oil. And he said unto him, Take your account, and sit 
down quickly and write fifty. 7 Then he said to another, And how 
much do youowe? And he said to him, A hundred measures of wheat. 
He said to him, Take your account, and write eighty [128. P]. 

Lk 17:35 Two women will be grinding together! [133. P; Mt 
24:41 (164)]. 

Lk 19:12, 13 A certain man of the ruling class went into a far 
country, to get himself appointed king, and to return. 13 And he 
called ten servants of his, and gave them a thousand shekels, and said 
to them, Trade with this money till I come back [1438. P]. 


Mt 5:45. He makes his sun rise on evil and good, and rain fall 
on righteous and unrighteous [37. M]. 

Mt 13:24-30 The kingdom of heaven is like a man that sowed 
good seed in his field; 25 but while men slept his enemy came and 
sowed weeds among the wheat, and went away. 26 And when the 
grain came up and headed out, then the weeds appeared along with 
the wheat. 27 And the servants of the man that owned the field came 
and said to him, Sir, did you not sow good seed in your field? Where 
do these weeds come from? 28 And he said to them, An enemy did 
this. And they said to him, Shall we go and pull them up? 29 But 
he said, No; lest pulling up the weeds you root up the wheat. also. 
30 Let both grow together till the harvest; at harvest time I will say 
to the reapers, First gather the weeds and bind them in bundles to 
burn them, and then gather the wheat into my barn [56. M]. 

Mt 13:44 The kingdom of heaven is like a treasure hidden in the 
field; which a man found, and hid; and in his joy he went and sold all 
that he had, and bought that field [62. M]. 

Mt 13:45, 46 The kingdom of heaven is like a merchant searching 
for valuable pearls; 46 and having found one pearl of great value, he 
went and sold all that he had, and bought it [63. M]. 

Mt 13:47, 48 The kingdom of heaven is like a net, that was cast 
into the sea, and took in fish of every kind. 48 And when it was filled, 
the fishermen drew it up on the beach, and sat down and gathered the 
good into vessels, but threw the bad away [64. M]. 


1 Mt 24:41 reads: ‘‘grinding at the mill.” 


36 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mt 20:1, 2 For the kingdom of heaven is like a head of a house 
who went out early in the morning to hire workmen for his vineyard. 
2 And when he had agreed with them for a denarius a day, he sent them 
to his vineyard [138. M; see also vss. 3-15]. 


V. SOCIAL CUSTOMS 


Mk 1:29-31 And when they had come out of the synagogue, they © 
went immediately to the house of Simon and of Andrew with whom 
James and John also lived. 380 And Simon’s mother-in-law was ill 
with a fever aud immediately they told him about her. 31 And he ~ 
came and took her by the hand and lifted her up and the fever left her 
and she prepared a meal for them [24. Mt 8:14, 15; Lk 4:38, 39]. 

Mk 14:3-8 Now when he was in Bethany at the house of Simon ~ 
the leper at table, a woman came with an alabaster flask of genuine 
nard oil, very expensive; and she broke the flask and poured the oint- 
ment on his head. 4 But there were some who were indignant, and ~ 
said to one another, Why has this oil been wasted? 5 For it might 
have been sold for more than three hundred denarii and the price of it 
given to the poor; and they were angry with her. 6 But Jesus said, 
Let her alone. Why do you trouble her? She has done a beautiful 
thing tome. 7 For you always have the poor with you, and whenever 
you are willing to, you can do good to them, but you wil] not always 
have me with you. 8 She has done what she could in that she has 
anointed my body for the burial beforehand [171.. Mt 26:6-12; cf. 
Lk 7:36-50 (G) below and 9, 1, B, p. 150]: 


Lk 7:31-34 To what then shall I compare the men of this genera- 
tion? .... 32 They are like children that sit in a market place, and 
call to one another and say, 


We piped to you and you did not dance: 
We mourned and you did not weep. 


33 For John the Baptist came neither eating bread nor drinking wine, 
and you said, He has a demon. 34 The Son of man has come eating 
and drinking, and you say, Why here 1s a glutton and a drinker of wine, 
a friend of tax-collectors and law-breakers [47. G; Mt 11:16-19]. 


Lk 7:36-50 And a certain one of the Pharisees asked him (Jesus) 
to eat with him; and Jesus, going into his house, reclined. 37 And 
behold there was a certain woman in the city, a sinner, and knowing that 
he is reclining in the house of the Pharisee, bringing an alabaster box of 
ointment 38 and standing behind at his feet weeping, she began to wet 
his feet with tears, and with the hair of her head she wiped them, and 
she kissed his feet and anointed them with the ointment. 39 The 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 57 


Pharisee who invited him, observing this, said within himself, If this 
man were a prophet he would know who and of what sort is the woman 
who touches him, because she is a sinner. 40 And answering, Jesus 
said to him, Simon, I have something to say to you! And hesaid, Speak, 
teacher. 41 There were two debtors to a certain creditor, the one 
owed him five hundred denarii, the other, fifty. 42 As they could not 
pay, he forgave both of them. Which of them will love him more? 
43 Simon answered, I suppose the one to whom he forgave more. 
Jesus said to him, You have judged correctly. 44 And turning to the 
woman he said to Simon, Do you see this woman? I came into your 
house: you did not pour water upon my feet, but this woman with her 
- tears wetted my feet, and wiped them with her hair. 45 You did not give 
me a kiss, but this woman from the time I came in has not ceased kissing 
my feet. 46 You did not anoint my head with oil, but this woman has 
anointed my feet with ointment. 47 Therefore, I tell you, her many 
sins are forgiven, because she loved much; but to whom little is for- 
given, he loves little. 48 He said to her, Your sins are forgiven. 49 
And those reclining with him began to say within themselves, Who is 
this man who even forgives sins? 50 But he said to the woman, Your 
faith has saved you, go in peace [48. G]. 

Lk 10:388-42 And as he was on his journey he came to a certain 
village and a woman named Martha welcomed him into her house. 
39 And she had a sister whose name was Mary, who sat at the feet of 
the Lord and listened to his word. 40 Now Martha was worried with 
much provision for his entertainment; and she came and said to him, 
Lord, don’t you care that my sister has left me alone to do the house- 
work? Tellhertohelpme. 41 And the Lord answering, said, Martha, 
Martha, you are anxious and troubled to provide many things, but a 
few or one would be enough. 42 For Mary chose the best portion 
and ‘it will not be taken away from her [104. P]. 

Lk 11:37, 38 A certain Pharisee asked him to dine with him and 
he went in and sat down. 38 And the Pharisee was astonished that he 
had not bathed before the meal [109. P]. 

- Lk 14:12-14 And he said to his host, When you make a luncheon 
or dinner, do not invite your friends, or your brothers, or your relatives, 
or your rich neighbors, for they will just return the invitation and pay off 
their debt. 13 But when you give a feast, invite poor people, crippled, lame, 
blind. 14 And you will be blessed, because they can not pay you back, 
but you will get your reward in the resurrection of the righteous [123. P]. 


VI. PLACES OF WORSHIP, SACRIFICES AND OFFERINGS 


Mk 1:21 And they came to Capernaum. And immediately, it 
being the Sabbath, he went into the synagogue and taught [24. Lk 4:31]. 


38 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mk 1:39 And he went into their synagogues throughout all 

Galilee, preaching and expelling the demons [25. Mt 4:23 (23); Lk 
4:44]. 
Mk 1:40-44 And there came to him a leper, entreating him and 
saying, If you will, you can make me clean: 41 And being touched with 
pity, he stretched forth his hand and touched him and said to him, I 
will, be made clean. 42 And immediately his leprosy left him and he 
was made clean. 43 And he strictly charged him, and sent him away, 
44 and said to him, See to it that you tell no one, but go and show your- — 
self to the priest and offer for your cleansing the things that Moses com- 
manded for a testimony to them [27. Mt 8:1-4; Lk 5:12-14]. 

Mk 3:1 And he entered again into the synagogue [32. Mt 12: 9; 
Lk 6:6]. 

Mk 6:2 And when the Sabbath came he began to teach in the 
synagogue [69. Mt 13:54; cf. Lk 4:16 (21)]. 

Mk 11:15-17 And they came to Jerusalem. And entering the — 
temple area, he set about driving out those that were buying and selling 
in the temple area, and the tables of the money-changers and the seats 
of the dove-sellers he overturned. 16 And he would not allow any 
man to carry anything through the temple area. 17 And he said to 
‘ them, Is it not written, My house shall be called a house of prayer for 

all the nations? But you have made it “a den of robbers” [146. - 
Mt 21:12, 13; Lk 19:45, 46]. 

Mk 14:12-17 And on the first day of Unleavened Bread, when 
the Passover was sacrificed, his disciples said to Jesus, Where do you wish 
us to go and prepare for your eating the Passover? 13 And he sent two ~ 
of his disciples, and said to them, Go into the city, and there will meet 
you a man carrying a pitcher of water. Follow him, 14 and in the 
house which he enters say to the head of the house, The Master says, 
Where is my guest chamber, where I may eat the Passover with my 
disciples? 15 And he will show you a large upper room, furnished and 
ready; there make preparations for us. 16 And the disciples went 
into the city and found things as he had told them, and they prepared 
the Passover. 17 And at evening he came with the twelve [173. 
Mt 26:17-20; Lk 22:7-14]. 


Lk 2:22-24 And when the days of their purification as prescribed 
in the law of Moses had elapsed, they brought him up to Jerusalem 
to present him to the Lord 23 (as it is written in the law of the Lord, 
Every first born male child shall be considered consecrated to the Lord), 
24 and to offer the sacrifice prescribed in the law, A pair of turtle doves 
or two young pigeons [11. LI]. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BAsAL ELEMENTS 39 


Lk 4:16-20 And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought 
up: and following his usual practice, he went into the synagogue on the 
Sabbath day; and he stood up to read the scriptures. 17 And there 
was given to him the roll of the prophet Isaiah. And he opened the 
roll and found the place where it was written, 

18 The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, 

Because he anointed me to preach good tidings to the poor; 

He has sent me to announce release to the captives, 

And recovery of sight to the blind, 

To set at liberty them that are bruised, 
19 To proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord. 
20 And he rolled up the roll and gave it back to the attendant, and sat 
down; and the eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed upon him [21. G]. 

' Lk 17:12, 14 And as he entered a certain village, there met him 

ten lepers, who stood afar off..... 14 And when he saw them, he 
said to them, Go and show yourselves to the priests [132. P]. 

Lk 22:15 And Jesus said to his disciples, I have greatly desired 
to eat this Passover with you before I suffer [173. J]. 


Mt 5:28, 24 If therefore you are offering your gift at the altar, 
and while doing so remember that you have wronged your brother, 
24 leave your gift there before the altar, go first be reconciled with your 
brother, and then come back and go on with the offering of your gift 
(37. M]. 

Mt 9:13 But go and learn what this means, I desire mercy and 
not sacrifice (29. M or M?]. 

Mt 12:7 But if you knew what this means, I desire mercy and 
not sacrifice, you would not have condemned the innocent [31. M or M?]. 


VII. RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND PRACTICES 


Mk 1:13 And he was in the wilderness forty days, being tempted 

by Satan! And he was with the wild beasts, and the angels ministered 
to him? [19; ef. Mt 4:1-11; Lk 4:1-13 (G), under 2, B, p. 49]. 

. Mk 1:23, 24 And.... there was in their synagogue a man 

under the control of an unclean spirit, and he cried out, 24 saying, What 


1Mt 4:1, Lk 4:2 read: ‘“‘tempted by the devil.” 


2Compare Philo, Giants, 4: .‘‘If therefore you consider that souls and demons 
and angels are things differing indeed in name, but one and identical in reality, you 
will then be able to discard that most heavy burden, superstition. But as men in 
general speak of good and evil demons, and in like manner of good and evil souls, so 
also .do they speak of angels, looking upon some as worthy of a good appellation, and 
calling them ambassadors of man to God, and of God to man, and sacred and holy on 
account of this blameless and excellent office; others again you will not err if you look 
upon as unholy and unworthy of any address.” 


40 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


have you to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy 
us? J know who you are, the Holy One of God (24. Lk 4:33, 34]. 

Mk 1:32, 34 And at evening, at sunset, they brought him all that 
were sick, and those who were under the control of demons. . .:. . 34 
And he healed many that were sick with various diseases, and expelled 
many demons; and he did not allow the demons! to speak, because they 
knew him [to be Christ] [24. Mt 8:16; Lk 4:40, 41]. 

Mk 2:3, 5-7 And four men came carrying a paralytic. .... 
5 And Jesus seeing their faith said to the paralytic, Child, your sins 
are forgiven. 6 And some of the scribes were sitting there and reason- 
ing in their hearts, 7 Why does this man speak in this way? This is 
blasphemy! Who can forgive sins except one, even God (28. Mt. 9:2, 
ook bs 18,' 20,21] :7 : 

Mk 2:18 And the disciples of John and the Pharisees were fasting: 
and they came and said to him, Why do the disciples of John and the 
disciples of the Pharisees fast, and your disciples do not fast [30. Mt 
9:14; Lk 5:33]? 

Mk 2:23, 24 Now he was going on the Sabbath through the grain 
fields; and his disciples began, as they went, to pluck the heads of 
grain. 24 And the Pharisees said unto him, See there, why are they 
doing on the Sabbath day what is not permitted (31. Mt 12:1, 2; 
Lk 6:1, 2]? . 

Mk 3:1, 2,6 And again he entered a synagogue; and there was 
a man there who had his hand withered. 2 And they watched him to 
see whether he would heal him on the Sabbath day; that they might 
make a charge against him. . . . . 6 And the Pharisees went out, and 


1Cf. Tob. 6:6, 7: ‘‘And the young man said to the angel, Brother Azarias, of 
what use is the heart and the liver and the gall of the fish? 7 And he said to him, 
The heart and the liver are useful if a demon or an evil spirit troubles any one; make a 
smoke from them before the man or the woman, and the person will be troubled no 
more.” (Cf. also 3:8, 17; 5:16, 21; 6:3-5.) 

Jos. War vii. 185, 186 (vi. 3): ‘And after all this trouble, it (the root of a certain © 
plant) is valuable because of one property. If only it is brought to sick persons it 
quickly expels the so-called demons, which are spirits of wicked men which enter into 
the living and kill them, if they do not obtain help.” 

Jos. Ant. viii. 45-47 (i. 5): ‘“‘God also enabled him (Solomon) to learn the art 
which prevails over demons to the advantage and health of men. ._. . And he left 
behind him the method of exorcism by which those who are possessed of demons 
expel them so that they return no more. And this method of cure is very. effective 
among us still. For I have seen a certain man of my country, Eleazar, in the presence 
of Vespasian, and his sons, and his captains, and the whole multitude of his soldiers, 
releasing many people who were possessed by these demons. And this was the method 
of cure: holding to the nostrils of the demonized person a ring having uater the 
seal a root of one of the kinds mentioned by Solomon, when the man smelled it he 
drew the demon out through his nostrils.” (See also Ant. vi. 166 ff. (viii. 2]; vi. 209 ff. 
[xi. 2].) 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS Al 


immediately took counsel with the Herodians how to destroy him 
(32. Mt 12:9, 10, 14; Lk 6:6, 7, 11]. 

Mk 3:11 And the unclean spirits, whenever they saw him, fell down 
before him and cried, You are the Son of God [83]. 

Mk 3:22-26 And the scribes who had come down from J Sodsatah 
said that he was under the control of Beezeboul, and that by the prince 
of demons he was expelling the demons. 23 And calling them to him, he 
said to them, using the language of parable, How can Satan expel Satan? 
24 And if a kingdom becomes divided against itself, that kingdom can . 
not stand. 25 And if a house becomes divided against itself, that house 
can not stand. 26 And if Satan has risen up against himself and become 
divided, he can not stand, but will come to an end [50. Mt 12:24-26; 
Lk 11:15-18 (106. P; ef. Lk 11:14~20 below, p. 42)]. 

‘ Mk 7:1-5 And there gathered about him the Pharisees and some 
of the scribes, having come from Jerusalem. 2 And they noticed that 
some of his disciples were eating without having first washed their 
hands. 3 For the Pharisees and the Jews generally do not eat without 
having first punctiliously washed their hands, observing in this the 
tradition of the elders;! 4 and when they come from the market they 
_ do not eat without having first undergone a ceremonial purification ;? 
and there are many other things which they have received and hold, 
- such as dipping of cups and pots and brazen vessels* into water. 5 

And the Pharisees and the scribes asked him, Why do your disciples 
disregard the traditions of the elders and eat without having first washed 
their hands [80. Mt 15:1, 24]? 

Mk 8:11 And the Pharisees came out, and began to question 
him, seeking from him a sign from heaven [84. Mt 16:1]. 

Mk 8:33 And turning around and seeing his disciples, he reproved 
Peter and said, Get behind me, Satan, because you are thinking not the 
thoughts of God but the thoughts of men [87. Mt 16:23]. 

Mk 9:38 John said to him, Teacher, we saw a man expelling 
demons in your name, and we tried to prevent him, because he was not 

following us [93. Lk 9:49]. 
Mk 10:46, 47 And as he was going out of Jericho with his disciples 
and a great multitude, the son of Timeus, Bartimeus, a blind beggar, 
was sitting by the side of the road. 47 And when he heard that it 
was Jesus, the Nazarene, that was passing by, he began to cry out and 


1T.e., the teachings handed down from the teachers of former times. 


2 Most ancient authorities read: ‘‘ without having bathed”; but some of the most 
ancient read: ‘“‘ without having been sprinkled.”’ 


3 Some ancient authorities add: ‘‘and cots.”’ 
4 Matthew omits Mark’s verses 3 and 4. Luke omits the whole section. 


42 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


to say, Son of David, Jesus, have mercy on me [141. Mt 20:29, 
30; Lk 18:35-38; also Mt 9:27]. (See also under topic 21, p. 229.) 

Mk 11:18 And the chief priests and the scribes heard it, and 
sought some way of destroying him [146. Mt 21:15; Lk 19:47]. 
(Cf. Mk 11:15-17, under VI above, p. 38.) 

Mk 12:13-17. (See above under II, np. 29.) 

Mk 12:18 And there came to him Sadducees, who say that there 
is no resurrection [153. Mt 22:23; Lk 20:27]. 

Mk 14:1, 2. (See above under II, p. 29.) : 

(For passages reflecting the idea of God see under topic 2, pp. 47 ff.) 


Lk 11:14-20 And he was expelling a demon that was dumb, and. 
when the demon had gone out, the dumb man recovered his speech, 
and the multitudes were astonished 15 and some of them said, By the 
power of Beezeboul, the prince of the demons, he expels the demons.! 
16 And others, putting him to the test, sought from him a sign from 
heaven. 17 And he, knowing their thoughts, said to them, Every king- 
dom that is divided against itself comes to desolation, and a house 
divided against itself falls. 18 And if Satan has been divided against 
himself, how shall his kingdom stand? And I say this because you 
say that by Beezeboul I expel the demons. 19 But if I by the power 
of Beezeboul expel the demons—your sons, by whose power do they 
expel them? Therefore they shall be your judges: 20 But if by the 
finger of God? I expel the demons, then the kingdom of God has come 
upon you [106. P; Mt 12:22-28 (50); Mt 9:32-34 (50); cf. Mk 3: 22-26 
(50) above, p. 41.] 

Lk 11:45, 46, 52 And one of the lawyers said to him, Teacher, in 
saying this you reproach us also. 46 And he said, Woe to you lawyers 
also! for you load men with heavy burdens, and you yourselves do not 
touch the burdens with one of your fingers..... 52 Woe to you 
lawyers! for you took away the key of knowledge: you did not enter 
yourselves, and those that were entering in you hindered [110. P; 
Mt 23:4 (156)]. 

Lk 12:54-56 And he said to the multitudes also, When you see 
a cloud rising in the west, immediately you say, There is a shower 
coming; and it turns out so. 55 And when you notice a south wind 
blowing, you say, It will be scorching hot, and it turns out so. 56 You 

1 Mt 12:22-24 reads: ‘‘Then they brought to him a man under the control of a 
demon blind and dumb, and he cured him so that the deaf man spoke and saw. ,23 And 
all of the people were astonished, and said, Is this the Son of David? 24 But the 


Pharisees, hearing it, said, This man expels the demons only in the power of the prince 
of the demons” (50; cf. also Mt 9:32-34 (50)]. 


2 Mt 12:28 reads: “spirit of God.” 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BAsAL ELEMENTS 43 


hypocrites, you know how to interpret the appearance of the earth 
and heaven; but how is it that you do not know how to interpret this 
time [117. P; Mt 16:2, 3 (84)]? 


Lk 1:5,6 In the days of Herod, king of Judea, there was a priest 
of the course of Abijah, and he had a wife, a descendant of Aaron, whose 
name was Elisabeth. 6 And they were both righteous in the sight of 
God, living blamelessly according to all the commandments and require- 
ments of the Lord [8. LI]. 

Read also the remainder of Luke, chapters 1, 2, for the impressive 
picture which this narrative gives of the life and thought of pious 
Israelites in the first century [3, 4, 6-11, 14-16. LI]. 

_Lk1:11 And there appeared to him an angel of the Lord [3. LI]. 
(See also Lk 1:18, 18, 19 [8]; 12:9 [111. P]; 15:10 [126. P]; 24:23 
[183. J], etc.) 

Lk 1:67-69 And his father Zacharias was filled with Holy Spirit 
and prophesied, saying, 

68 Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, 

Because he has visited and wrought redemption for his people 
69 And has raised up a horn of salvation for us 

In the house of David his servant [7. LI]. 


Lk 2:25-32 And there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name was 
Simeon; and this man was righteous and devout, looking for the Com- 
forter of Israel: and Holy Spirit was upon him. 26 And it had been 
revealed to him by the Holy Spirit, that he should not die, before he 
had seen the Christ of the Lord. 27 And he came in the Spirit into the 
temple: and when the parents brought in the child Jesus, to do for him 
what the law required, 28 he took him into his arms, and blessed God, 
and said, 

29 Now dost thou release thy servant, O Lord, according to thy word, 
in peace} 

30 Because my eyes have seen thy salvation 

81 Which thou didst prepare before all the peoples, 

32 A light for revelation to Gentiles 
and a glory of thy people Israel [11. LI]. 


Lk 3:15 And as the people were in expectation and were all 
reasoning in their hearts concerning John, wondering whether he was 
tne Christ....... ..{17.G or L?}. 

Mt 4:1-11; Lk 4:1-13 [19. G]. (See under 2, B, p. 49.) 

Lk 10:17, 18 And the seventy returned with joy, saying, Lord, 
even the demons are subject to us in your name. 18 And he said to 
them, I saw Satan fall as lightning from heaven [102. P]. 


44 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Lk 13:16 And as for this daughter of Abraham whom Satan has 
bound, just think, for eighteen years, ought she not to be loosed from 
this bond on the Sabbath day [119. P]? 

Lk 17:12, 13 And as he entered a certain village there met him 
ten lepers who stood a long way off. 13 And they cried aloud, saying, 
Jesus, Master, have mercy on us [132. P]. 


Mt 1:20 An angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream [5. 
MI]. (See also Mt 1:24 (5); 2:18, 19 [13. MI]; 18:10 [94. M]; 26:53 
[175 M or M}], etc.) . 

Mt 5:20 Unless your righteousness is greater than that of the 
scribes and Pharisees you will by no means enter the kingdom of heaven 
[36. M]. 

Mt 5:21 You have heard that it was said to the apciartes You 


shall not commit murder; and whoever commits murder shall be liable — 


to trial by the court [87. M]. 

Mt 5:43 You have heard that it was said to the ancients, You 
shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy [37. M]. (See also 
5: 27,30, 09%) 

Mt 6:2 When therefore you give alms do not blow a trumpet 
before you, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, 
that they may be praised by men [388. M]. 

Mt 6:5 And when you pray, do not be like the hyporritas because 


they love to pray in the synagogue and standing on the street corners, 


that men may see them pray [88. M]. 

Mt 6:16 Moreover when you fast, do not, like the hypocrites, 
draw a long face, for they put on an appearance of sadness that men 
may notice that they are fasting [38. M]. (See also Mt, chap. 23 
passim.) 

C. Tue Views or JEwisH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 


II. PALESTINIAN 
D. Tue THouGcHtT-WoRLD or JESUS 
(See Introduction, pp. 12-15; cf. also pp. 18-19 above.) 


E. Mopern LiIteraTurEe 


Toy, chap. iii; Oesterley and Box, chap. vi; Wendt, I, 32-90; 
Schuerer, Div. II, Vol. I, pp. 1-125; Bousset, Religion, pp. 60-163; 


Case, Evolution, chap. iii; Montefiore, Religious Teaching, chap. i; 


Glover, “The Daemon-Environment of the Primitive Christian,” 
Hib. (1912-13), pp. 153-67. 


a 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 45 


2, GOD 


A. Tue JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:1-4, 18 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was 
with God and the Word was God. 2 This Word was in the begin- 
ning with God. 3 All things came into being through him, and apart 
from him not one thing which has come to be came into being. 4 In 
him was life, and the life that was in him was the light of men.... . 
18 God no man has ever seen; an only Son,! himself God, who is in the 
bosom of the Father, he has been his interpreter. 

Jn 2:16 And to those who were selling doves he said, Take these 
things away; make not my Father’s house a house of traffic. 

Jn 3:16, 17 For God so loved the world that he gave his only 
Son that everyone who should believe in him might not perish but have 
eternal life. 17 For God sent the Son into the world, not to judge the 
world but that the world might be saved through him. (See further 
under 9, (1), A, p. 146.) 

Jn 3:31-36 He that comes from above is above all. He that is 
of the earth is of the earth, and of the earth he speaks. He that comes 
from heaven is above all. 32 What he has seen and heard of that he 
testifies and no one receives his testimony. 33 He that has received his 
testimony has witnessed that God is true. 34 For he whom God sent 
speaks the words of God, for he gives his Spirit without measure. 35 
The Father loves the Son and has given all things into his hands. 36 
He that believes in the Son has eternal life; he that is disobedient to 
the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God rests upon him. 

Jn 4:21-24 Jesus said to her, Believe me, woman, the hour is 
coming when neither in this mountain nor in Jerusalem will you worship 
the Father. 22 You worship—you know not what. We worship what 
we know; for salvation is from the Jews. 23 But the hour is coming 
and now is when the true worshippers will worship the Father in spirit 
and truth; for the Father seeks such as his worshippers. 24 God is a 
spirit; and his worshippers must worship in spirit and truth. 

Jn 5:17-20 Jesus answered them, My Father has gone on working 
even until now, and I am working. 18 Because of these words the 
Jews were more eager to kill him because he not only broke the Sabbath 
but also called God his own Father, making himself equal with God. 
19 Jesus therefore said to them, In very truth I say to you, The Son can 
do nothing of himself but what he sees the Father doing; for whatever 
he does, these things the Son also does in like manner. 20 For the 
Father loves the Son and shows him all things that he himself does. 
(See further under 6, A, p. 110). 


1 Many ancient manuscripts read: ‘‘the only Son.” 


46 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


Jn 5:26, 36, 37 For as the Father has life in himself even so he 
gave to the Son also to have life in himself. 36 I have the testimony 
that is greater than that of John, for the works that the Father gave me 
to accomplish, the works that I am doing, testify for me that the Father 
has sent me. 37 And the Father, who sent me, he has borne witness 
concerning me. 

Jn 6:37-40 All that which the Father gives me will come to me, 
and him that comes to me I will by no means reject, 38 because I have 
come down from heaven not to do my own will, but the will of him who 
sent me. 39 And this is the will of him that sent me, that I should 
lose nothing of all that he has given to me, but should raise it up at the 
last day. 40 For this is the will of my Father that everyone that sees 
the Son and believes in him shall have eternal life; and I will raise him 
up at the last day. 

Jn 6:44-46 No one can come to me unless the Father that sent 
me draw him, and I will raise him up at the last day. 45 It is written 
in the prophets, And they shall all be taught by God. Everyone that 
has heard from the Father and learned comes to me. 46 But I do not 
mean that any man has seen the Father except him who is from God, 
he has seen the Father. (See also 6:57; 8:18, 19, 42). 

Jn 10:14-18, 30 Iam the good shepherd, and I know my own, and 
my own know me, 15 even as the Father knows me and I know the 
Father. And I lay down my life for the sheep. 16 And I have other 
sheep that do not belong to this flock. These also I must bring and 
they will hear my voice, and they will become one flock with one shep- 
herd. 17 This is the reason why the Father loves me, because I lay 
down my life, to take it again. 18 No one takes it away from me, but 
I lay it down of my own will. I have authority to lay it down and I 
have authority to take it again. I received this authority from my 
Father. (Cf. 18:11.) 30 I and the Father are one. 

Jn 10:37, 88 If I am not doing the works of my Father, do not — 
believe me, 38 but if I am doing them, even if you do not believe me, 
believe the works that you may perceive and know that the Father is 
in me and I in the Father. 

Read also chapters 14-17, noting especially the following sentences: 

Jn14:11 Believe me when I tell you that I am in the Father and the 
Father in me; or else for the sake of the works themselves believe. 
15:9 As the Father has loved me I also have loved you; continue in my 
love. 16:26, 27 In that day you will make your requests in my name 
and I do not say that I will entreat the Father for you; 27 for the Father 
himself loves you, because you have loved me and have believed that 
I came forth from the Father. 

Jn 18:11 Shall I not drink the cup that my Father has given me? 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 47 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 1:10, 11 And immediately as he was coming up out of the 
water, he saw the heavens rent asunder and the Spirit coming down as 
a dove upon him. 11 And a voice came out of the heavens, You are 
my beloved Son; with you I am well pleased! [18. Mt 3:16, 17; 
Lk 3:21, 22]. 

Mk 1:14, 15 Now after John was thrown into prison Jesus came 
into Galilee, preaching the gospel of God, 15 and saying, The time is com- 
pleted, and the kingdom of God is near at hand: repent, and believe in 
the gospel [20. Mt 4:12, 17; Lk 4:14]. 

Mk 1:85 And very early in the morning he rose up ‘and went out 
into a quiet place, and there prayed? [25. Lk 4:42). 

_ Mk 2:27 The Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the 
Sabbath? [31]. 

Mk 3:35 For whoever shall do the will of God,‘ he is my brother 
and sister and mother [51. Mt 12:50; Lk 8:21]. 

Mk 9:7 And there came a voice out of the cloud, This is my 
beloved Son’ [88. Mt 17:5; Lk 9:34, 35]. 

Mk 10:27 And Jesus looking at them said, With men it is impos- 
sible, but not with God; for with God all things are possible [137. 
Mt 19:26; Lk 18:27]. 

Mk 11:25 And when you pray, if you have anything against 
anyone, forgive him, that your Father who is in heaven may forgive 
you your trespasses [147. Mt 6:14, 15® (38); Mt 18:357 (98)]. 

Mk 12:1-11 And he began to speak to them in parables, A man 
planted a vineyard, and surrounded it with a hedge, and dug a wine 
press, and built a tower, and let it out to tenants. 2 And at the proper 
time he sent a servant to the tenants to receive from them a share of the 
products of the vineyard. 3 And they took him and beat him and sent 
him away empty-handed. 4 And again he sent to them another 
servant, and this one they beat on the head and treated him insultingly. 


1 Mt 3:17 reads: ‘‘This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.” 

2Lk 4:42 omits: ‘‘and there prayed,” but Lk 5:16 [27] reads: ‘‘But he withdrew 
into a quiet place and prayed.” 

8 The parallel passages, Mt 12:8, Lk 6:5, omit this sentence. (For the full 
context, see under 7, (1), B, p. 121.) 

4 Mt 12:50 reads: ‘‘of my Father who is in heaven.”’ 

5 Mt 17:5 adds: ‘‘in whom I am well pleased.’’ 

6 Mt. 6:14, 15 reads: ‘‘For if you forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly 
Father will also forgive you. 15 But if you do not forgive them, neither will your 
Father forgive your trespasses.”’ 

7 Mt 18:35 reads: ‘So also will your heavenly Father do to you, if you do not 
forgive, each of you his brother, from your hearts.’”’ (For context, see under 9, (1), B, 
p. 152.) 


48 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


5 And he sent another one, and this one they killed; and he sent many 
others, some of whom they beat and some they killed. 6 And having 
still a beloved son he sent him last of all to them, saying, They will have 
respect for my son. 7 And those tenants said to themselves, This is 
the heir, come let us kill him and the property will be ours, 8 And they 
took him and killed him and threw him out of the vineyard. 9 What 
will the lord of the vineyard do? He will come and destroy those 
tenants and give the vineyard to others. 10 And have you not read 
this scripture? ‘‘A stone which the builders rejected, this became a 
corner stone, 11 which is from the Lord and is marvelous in our eyes’! 
(150. Mt 21:33-42; Lk 20:9-17]. 

Mk 12:17 And Jesus said, Pay to Caesar what belongs to Caesar, 
and to God what belongs to God [152. Mt 22:21; Lk 20:25]. — 

Mk 12:18-27 And there came to him Sadducees, who deny that 
there is any resurrection, and they put a question to him, saying, 19 
Teacher, Moses gave us the law that if a man’s brother should die and 
leave a wife and no child, his brother should take his wife and should 
raise up children to his brother. 20 Now there were seven brothers. 
And the first married a wife and dying left no children; 21 and the 
second married her and died leaving no children; and the third did the 
same. 22 And this happened in the case of all the seven brothers. 
Finally the woman died. 23 In the resurrection whose wife will she 
be? For in her lifetime she was the wife of all seven of them. 24 Jesus 
said, Is it not because you do not understand the scriptures and the 
power of God that you fall into error? 25 For when they rise from the 
dead there will be no marriages, but they will be as angels in heaven. 26 
And as concerns the fact that the dead rise, did you never read in the 
book of Moses, in the passage about the Bush, that God said to him, 
I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? 
27 He is not a God of dead men, but of living. You are far astray 
(153. Mt 22:23-32; Lk 20:27-38). 

Mk 12:28-34 And one of the scribes came to him, and having 
heard them disputing, and perceiving that Jesus had answered them 
well, asked him, What kind of commandment is most important of all? 
29 Jesus answered, This is first, Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is 
one Lord? 30 And you shall love the Lord your God with your 
heart, and with your whole soul, and with your whole understanding, 
and with your whole strength. 31 And this is second, You shall love 


your neighbor as yourself. There is no other commandment greater 


than these. 32 The scribe said, Well and truthfully, Teacher, ‘have 


1 Mt 21:43 adds: ‘‘The kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given 
to a nation that produces its fruits.” 


2 Mt 22:37 omits: ‘‘This is first . ... is one.’’ 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 49 


you said that he is one and there is no other beside him. 33 And to 
love him with the whole heart, and with the whole understanding, and 
with the whole strength, and to love one’s neighbor as one’s self is 
greater than all the burnt.offerings and sacrifices. 34 And Jesus, seeing 
that he answered wisely, said to him, You are not far from the kingdom 
of God! [154. Mt 22:34-40; cf. Lk 10:25-28 (103. P) below, p. 50]. 


Mk 14:36 And he said, Abba, Father, all things are possible to 


thee. 


Take away this cup from me! 


Yet not what I will but what 


thou wilt [174. Mt 26:39; Lk 22:42]. 
Mk 15:34 And at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, 
. . . . My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me [178. Mt 27:46; 


Luke omits] ? 


Mt 4:1-11 Then Jesus was led 
up by the Spirit into the wilder- 
ness to be tempted by the devil. 
2 And when he had fasted forty 
days and forty nights he became 
hungry. 3 And the tempter came 
and said to him, If you are a Son 
of God, tell these stones to become 
bread. 4 But he said, It is 
written, Man shall not live on 
bread alone but on every word 
that issues from the mouth of 
God. 5 Then the devil took 
him into the holy city, and set 
him upon the high point of the 
temple, 6 and said to him, If 
you are a Son of God, throw your- 
self down. For it is written, He 
shall command his angels con- 
cerning you, and on their hands 
they will sustain you, lest you 
strike your foot against a stone. 
7 Jesus said to him, Again it is 
written, You shall not put the 
Lord your God to the test. 8 
Again the devil took him into a 
very high mountain, and showed 
him all the kingdoms of the world 
and their glory. 9 And he said to 


Lk 4:1-13 And Jesus, full of 
Holy Spirit, returned from the 
Jordan and was led in the Spirit 
in the wilderness, 2 being tempted 
for forty days by the devil. And 
he ate nothing in those days, and 
when they were over he became 
hungry. 38 And the devil said 
to him, If you are a Son of God 
tell this stone to become bread. 
4 And Jesus answered him, It is 
written, Man shall not live on 
bread alone. 5 And taking him 
up he showed him all the king- 
doms of the inhabited earth in a 
moment of time. 6 And the 
devil said to him, To you I will 
give all this authority and the 
glory of these kingdoms, because 
it has been delivered over to me 
and I give it to whomever I 
please. 7 If therefore you will 
worship me, it shall all be yours. 
8 And Jesus said to him, It is 
written, The Lord your God you 
shall worship and him only shall 
youserve. 9 And he brought him 
into Jerusalem, and set him upon 
the high point of the temple, and 


1 Verses 32-34 are not found in Matthew. 


50 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


him, All these things I will give 
you, if you will fall down and 
worship me. 10 Then Jesus said 
to him, Get you gone, Satan, for it 
is written, The Lord your God 
you shall worship and him only 
shall you serve. 11 Then the 
devil left him, and angels came and 
fed him [19. G; cf. Mk 1:12, 13]. 


Mt 5:44, 45, 48 Love your 
enemies and pray for those who 
persecute you 45 that you may 
become sons of your Father who 
is in heaven; because he makes his 
sun rise on wicked and good and 
the rain fall on righteous and 
unrighteous. .... 48 You shall 
therefore be perfect, as your 
heavenly Father is perfect [87. 
M or G]. 


said to him, If you are a Son of 
God, throw yourself down from 
here. 10 For it is written, He 
shall command his angels con- 
cerning you to protect you, 11 and 
Qn their hands they shall sustain 
you, lest you strike your foot 
against a stone. 12 And Jesus 
answered him, It is said, You shall 
not put the Lord your God to the 
test. 18 And when the devil 
had exhausted every temptation, 
he left him for a time [19. G]. 


Lk 6:35, 36 But love your ene- 
mies and do good, and lend, never 
despairing; and your reward will 
be great, and you will be sons of 
the Most High; because he is 
kind toward the unthankful and 
the wicked. 36 Be merciful as 
your Father is merciful [37. G]. 


Lk 10:21, 22 In that very hour Jesus rejoiced in the Holy Spirit 


and said, I thank thee, Father, Lord of the heaven and the earth, that 
thou didst hide these things from wise and learned men and didst reveal 
them to babes; yes, Father, for so it was thy gracious willtodo. 22 All 
things were delivered to me by my Father; and no one knows who the 
Son is except the Father, and who the Father is except the Son,! and 
he to whom the Son may will to reveal him [102. P; Mt 11:25-27 (47)). 

Lk 10:25-28 And alawyer stood up and put him to the test saying, 
Teacher, what shall I do to obtain eternal life? 26 And he said to 
him, What is written in the law? What do you read there? 27 And 
he answered, You shall love the Lord your God with your whole heart, 
and with your whole soul, and with your whole strength, and with your 
whole mind; and your neighbor as yourself. 28 And Jesus said to him, 
You have answered right. Do this and you will live [103. P; ef. Mk 
12: 28-34 (154) above]. 


1 Mt 11:27 reads: ‘‘No one knows the Son except the Father, nor does any one 
know the Father except the Son.” 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 51 


Mt 6:9-13 In this way, therefore, 
pray: Our Father who art in 
heaven, Hallowed be thy name. 
10 Thy kingdom come. Thy will 
be done, as in heaven so on earth. 
11 Give us this day our daily 
bread. 12 And forgive us our 
debts as we also have forgiven 


Lk 11:2-4 When you pray, say, 
Father, Hallowed be thy name. 
Thy kingdom come. 3 Give us 
day by day our daily bread. 4 
And forgive us our sins; for we 
also forgive everyone who is in- 
debted to us. And bring us not 
into temptation [105. P]. 


our debtors. 18 And bring us 
not into temptation, but deliver 
us from the evil one [88. M or P]. 


Lk 12:6, 7 Are not five sparrows sold for a fifth of a drachma? 
Yet not one of them is forgotten by God. 7 But even the hairs of your 
head are all numbered. Fear no more, you are worth much more than 
many sparrows [111. P; Mt 10:29-31 (78)]. 


Lk 2:49 And he said to them, Why were you searching for me? 
Did you not know that I would surely be in my Father’s house [15. LI]? 

Lk 12:16-21 And he spoke a parable to them saying, The ground 
of a certain rich man produced a great harvest. 17 And he argued with 
himself saying, What shall I do because I have nowhere to store my 
produce? 18 And he said, This is what I will do; I will pull down my 
barns and will build bigger ones, and there I will bring together all my 
wheat and my property. 19 And I will say to my soul, Soul, you have 
much property laid up for many years; take your ease, eat, drink, have 
a good time. 20 And God said to him, Fool, this night you will have 
to give up your life, and these things that you have amassed, whose 
will they be? 21 This is the way it is with everyone that lays up 
treasure for himself and is not rich toward God [112. P]. 

Lk 12:22-32 And he said to his disciples, Therefore I say to you, 
Cease to be anxious for your life, what you shall eat, and for your body, 
_what you shall wear. 23 For the life is more than the food, and the 
body than the clothing. 24 Consider the ravens: they neither sow 
nor reap; they have neither treasure-room nor storehouse, and God feeds 
them. How much more valuable you are than the birds! 25 And who 
of you by being anxious can make himself a cubit taller? 26 If then 
you can not do a very little thing, why are you anxious about the rest? 
27 Consider how the lilies grow. They neither toil nor spin. But I 
tell you that not even Solomon in all his splendor was clothed like one 
of these. 28 But if God clothes in this way the grass that today is 
growing in the field and tomorrow is burned up for fuel, how much more 
certainly will he clothe you, you people of little faith! 29 Be no longer 


52 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


concerned about what you shall eat and what you shall drink, and be 
not tossed about with cares, 30 for the nations of the world concern 
themselves with all these things; but your Father knows that you have 
need of them. 31 Make his kingdom the object of your endeavor and 
these things will be given to you besides.! 32 Fear not, little flock, for 
it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom [113. P; 
Mt 6:25-33 (39)]. 

Lk 15:1-7 And there gathered about him the tax collectors and 
the sinnerstohearhim. 2 And the Pharisees and the scribes murmured, 
saying, This man receives sinners and eats with them. 3 And he spoke 
this parable to them: 4 Who of you that has one hundred sheep and 
loses one of them does not leave the ninety-nine in the wilderness and 
go after the lost until he finds it? 5 And when he finds it he takes it on 
his shoulders rejoicing. 6 And coming home he calls together his friends 
and neighbors saying, Rejoice with me, because I have found my sheep 
that was lost. 7 I tell you that even so there is joy in heaven over one 
sinner that repents more than over ninety-nine righteous men who have 
no need to repent [125. P; Mt 18:12-14 (95)]. 

Lk 16:13 No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate 
the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to one, and despise the 
other. You can not serve God and mammon [128. P; Mt 6:24 (89)]. 


Lk 15:8-10? Or what woman who has ten silver coins and loses 
one of them does not light a lamp and sweep the house and search 
carefully until she finds it? 9 And when she finds it, she calls together 
her women friends and neighbors saying, Rejoice with me, because I 
have found the coin that I lost. 10 So, I tell you, there is joy in the 
presence of the angels of God over one sinner that repents [126. P]. 

Lk 15:11-32 And he said, A certain man had two sons. 12 And 
the younger of them said to his father, Father, give me the portion of 
the property that falls to me; and he divided his resources between | 
them. 13 And soon after the younger son, gathering together every- 
thing that he had, went away into a distant country and there wasted 
his property in reckless living. 14 And when he had spent everything, 
there arose a severe famine in that country, and he began to be in want. 
15 And he went and attached himself to one of the citizens of that 
country, who sent him into his field to feed swine. 16 And he would 
have been glad to make a full meal of the carob pods that the swine 
were eating, but nobody gave him any. 17 But when he came to him- 
self he said, How many hired servants of my father’s have more’ bread 

1Mt 6:33 reads: ‘‘But make his kingdom and his righteousness the first object 
of your endeavor; and all these things will be given to you besides.’’ 

2 For the context, see Lk. 15:1-7 immediately above. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 53 


than they need, and here I am perishing with hunger! 18 I will arise 
and go to my father and will say to him, Father, I sinned against 
heaven and before you, 19 I am no longer worthy to be called your 
son: give me the position of one of your hired servants. 20 And he 
arose and went to his father. And while he was still a long way off, 
his father saw him and pitied him and ran and fell upon his neck and 
kissed him. 21 And the son said to him, Father, I sinned against 
heaven and before you; I am no longer worthy to be called your son; 
[give me the position of one of your hired servants]. 22 And the father 
said to his servants, Bring out quickly the best robe and clothe him and 
bring a ring for his hand and shoes for his feet, 23 and bring the fatted 
calf and kill it, and let us eat and be merry, 24 because this son of 
mine was dead and has come to life, he was lost and has been found! 
And they began to be merry. 25 Now his elder son was in the field 
and when he came near the house, he heard music and dancing. 26 And 
calling one of the servants he asked him what these things meant. 27 
And he said, Your brother has come, and your father has killed the fatted 
calf, because he has received him safe and sound. 28 But he was angry 
and would not go in. And his father coming out entreated him. 29 
_ And he said to his father, I have been serving you now many years and 
have never neglected a commandment of yours, and yet you never gave 
me a kid that I might have a merry time with my friends, 30 but now 
that this son of yours who has consumed his living with harlots has come 
home, you have killed for him the fatted calf. 31 And he said to him, 
My child, you are always with me and all that is mine is yours. 32 
But it is fitting that we should be merry and rejoice, because this 
brother of yours was dead and has come to life, he was lost and has 
been found [127. P]. 

Lk 16:14, 15 And the Pharisees, who were lovers of money, heard 
all these things and they scoffed at him. 15 And he said to them, You 
count yourselves righteous in the sight of men; but God knows your 
hearts: for that which stands high among men is an abomination in the 
sight of God [129. P]. 

| Lk 18:1-8 And he spoke a parable to them to the effect that they 
ought always to pray, and not to faint, 2 saying, There was in a city 
a judge, who had no fear of God, and no regard for man: 3 and there 
was a widow in that city; and she came often to him, saying, Get me 
justice from my opponent. 4 And he would not for a while: but after- 
ward he said within himself, Though I have no fear of God, or regard 
for man, 5 yet because this widow troubles me, I will see justice done 
to her, lest she wear me out by her continual coming. 6 And the Lord 
said, Hear the words of the unrighteous judge. 7 And will not God 
see to it that his elect have justice, who cry to him day and night, while 


54 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


he yet delays to act forthem? 8 I tell you that he will secure justice for 
them speedily. Nevertheless, when the Son of man comes, will he find 
faith on the earth [133. P]? 

Lk 18:9-14 And to certain men who trusted in themselves, 
believing that they were righteous, and regarded other people as of 
no account, he spoke this parable: 10 Two men went up into the temple 
to pray, one a Pharisee, and the other a publican. 11 The Pharisee 
stood and prayed with himself in these words, O God, I thank thee that 
I am not like the rest of men, robbers, unjust, adulterers, or even as this 
publican. 12 I fast twice in the week, I tithe my whole income. 13 
But the publican standing far off, did not even lift up his eyes to 
heaven; but kept smiting his breast and saying, O God, be reconciled 
to me, the sinner. 14 I tell you that this publican went down to his 
house more approved by God than the other; because he that exalts 
himself will be humbled, and he that humbles himself will be exalted 
[134. P]. 

Lk 19:12-26 He said therefore, A certain man, of noble rank, 
went into a far country to get himself appointed king, and to return. 
13 And he ealled to him ten servants of his, and gave them a thousand 
shekels, and told them to trade with them till he should come back. 
14 But his citizens hated him and sent an embassy after him, saying, 
We do not want this man to be king over us. 15 And when he returned 
having received his appointment as king, he commanded the servants 
to whom he had given the money to be called to him, in order to learn 
what business they had done. 16 And the first came saying, Your 
hundred shekels have made a thousand. 17 And he said to him, 
Excellent! Good servant, because in a very little you have been faith- 
ful, I give you authority over ten cities. 18 And the second came say- 
ing, Your hundred shekels have made five hundred. 19 And he said to 
this man also, And you shall be over five cities. 20 And the third man 
came, saying, Lord, here are your hundred shekels, which I was keeping 
wrapped up in a napkin. 21 For I was afraid of you, because you are 
a hard man; you take away what you did not deposit, and you reap 
what you did not sow. 22 And he said to him, By your own words I 
will judge you, wicked servant. You knew that I was a hard man, 
taking away what I did not deposit, and reaping what I did not sow? 
23 Why then did you not deposit my money in a bank? In that case 
when I came back I should have received it with interest. 24 And he 
said to those that stood by, Take the hundred shekels from him and 
give them to him that has a thousand. 25 And they said, Sir, he has 
a thousand shekels. 26 I tell you that to every one that has shall be 
given, and from him that has nothing, even what he has shall be taken 
away [143. P; cf. Mt 25:14-29 (167. M)]. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 55 


Lk 23:46 And Jesus cried with a loud voice and said, Father, 
into thy hands I commit my spirit [178. J]. 


Mt 5:3 Blessed are the poor in spirit; for theirs is the kingdom 
of heaven [35. M]. 

Mt 5:8 Blessed are the pure in heart; for they shall see God[35. M]. 

Mt 5:9 Blessed are the peacemakers; for they shall be called 
sons of God [35. M]. 

Mt 5:16 Even so let your light shine before men, that they may 
see your good works and glorify your Father who is in heaven [85. M]. 

Mt 5:20 Unless your righteousness is greater than that of the 
scribes and Pharisees, you will by no means enter the kingdom of heaven 
(36. M]. (See also Mt 5:44, 45, 48 above, p. 50.) 

Mt 5:33-35 You have heard that it was said to the ancients, You 
shall not break your oaths, but shall perform them to the Lord. 34 But 
I tell you, Do not swear at all; neither by heaven, for it is the throne 
of God; 35 nor by the earth, for it is the footstool of his feet; nor by 
Jerusalem, for it is the city of the Great King [37. M]. 

Mt 6:1 Beware of doing your righteous deeds before men to be 
seen by them; for if you do, you will have no reward with your Father 
who is in heaven [38. M]. 

Mt 6:3, 4 But when you give alms, do it so unostentatiously that 
your left hand will not know what your right hand is doing, 4 that your 
almsgiving may be in secret. And your Father, who sees what is done 
in secret, will reward you [88. M]. 

Mt 6:6 But when you pray, go into your closet, and having shut 
the door, pray to your Father who is in secret, and your Father, who 
sees what is done in secret, will reward you (388. M]. (See also Mt 
6:9-13 above, p. 51.) 

Mt 6:17, 18 But when you fast, anoint your head and wash your 
face, 18 that men may not know that you are fasting, but your Father 
who is in secret, and your Father who sees what is done in secret will 
reward you [388. M]. 

(See also the passages under 14, ‘The Kingdom of God,” especially 
Mk 10:15; Mt 18:3, 23-35; 21:31, 43.) 


C. Tue Views or JEwIsh WRITERS 


I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Sibylline Oracles (Book III), Second Century B.C. 


Frag. 1:1-18 O you mortal men of flesh who are naught, 2 why do 
you so quickly exalt yourselves, having no eye unto life’send? 3 Doyou 
not tremble at nor fear God, who overlooks you, 4 the Most High who 


56 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


knows, who looks on all, who witnesses all, 5 who nourishes all? the 
Creator who has planted his sweet Spirit in all, 6 and made him a guide 
to all mortals? 7 There is one God, sole Sovereign, excellent in power, 
unbegotten, 8 almighty, invisible, yet seeing all himself. 9 Yet he 
himself is beheld by no mortal flesh. 10 For what flesh can see visibly 
the heavenly and true 11 God, the Immortal whose abode is in the 
heaven? 12 Nay, not even face to face with the sun’s rays 18 are men 
able to stand, being mortals, 14 mere veins and flesh wedded to bones. 
15 Worship him who is alone Prince of the World, 16 who alone exists 
from age to age, 17 self-sprung, unbegotten, holding all in sway through 
all time, 18 giving to all men their testing time in the common light. 

Frag. 1:32-35 There is one God who sends rain and winds and 
earthquakes, 33 lightnings, famines, pestilence and sad cares, 34 and 
snow and hail: why should I detail them one by one? 35 He is Lord 
of heaven, Sovereign of earth, the one Existence. [These Fragments are 
probably pre-Christian, but are of uncertain date.] 

3:11-16 There is one sovereign God, ineffable, whose dwelling 
is in heaven, 12 self-sprung, unseen, yet seeing all himself alone. 13 
No mason’s hand made him, nor does some model poured from gold 14 or 
ivory by the varied skill of man represent him. 15 But he, himself 
Eternal, has revealed himself 16 as One who is and was before, yes and 
shall be hereafter. 

3:286, 287 And then the God of heaven shall send a king, 287 
and shall judge each man with blood and flame of fire. 

4:41,42 When the assizes of the world and of mortals shall come, 
which God himself 42 shall hold when he judges ungodly and godly 
alikeeu se iSO tape 

4:183, 184 And then the judgment shall come wherein God him- 
self shall give sentence, 184 judging the world again [80 a.p.]. 


Letter of Aristeas, after 180 B.C. 


15, 16 They worship the same God—the Lord and Creator of the 
Universe, as all other men, as we ourselves, O king, though we call him 
by different names, such as Zeus or Dis. 16 This name was very 
appropriately bestowed upon him by our first ancestors, in order to 
signify that he through whom all things are endowed with life and come 
into being, is necessarily the Ruler and Lord of the Universe. 

18 When men from pure motives plan some action in the interests 
of righteousness and the performance of noble deeds, Almighty God 
brings their efforts and purposes to a successful issue. 

132 For he proved first of all that there is only one God and that 
his power is manifested throughout the universe, since every place is 
filled with his sovereignty and none of the things which are wrought 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 57 


in secret by men upon the earth escapes his knowledge. For all that 
a man does and all that is to come to pass in the future are manifest to 
him. 

190 God bestows his benefits on the human race providing for 
them health and food and all other things in due season. 

192 God does not smite them according to their sins or the great- 
ness of his strength, but acts with forbearance toward them. 

194 Even God instils fear into the minds of men by granting 
reprieves and making merely a display of his greatness and power. 

195 To know that God is Lord of the Universe, and that in our 
finest achievements it is not we who attain success but God who by 
his power brings all things to fulfillment and leads us to the goal. 

196 It is God who bestows all these gifts and men never by them- 
' selves win the supremacy. 

205 It is God who is the author of all good things, and him man 
must needs obey. 

210 To perceive that God constantly works in the universe and 
knows all things, and no man who acts unjustly and works wickedness 
can escape his notice. 

251 It is only by calling upon the help of God that men can steer 
a true course of life at all times. 


II Maccabees, First Half of First Century B.C. 


1:24-29 (Prayer of Jonathan) O Lord, Lord God, the Creator of 
all things, who art terrible and strong and righteous and merciful, who 
alone art king and gracious, 25 who alone suppliest every need, who 
alone art righteous and almighty and eternal, thou that savest Israel 
out of all evil, who madest the fathers thine elect, and didst sanctify 
them: 26 accept this sacrifice for all thy people Israel, guard thine own 
portion and consecrate it. 27 Gather together our dispersion, set at 
liberty them that are in bondage among the heathen, look upon them 
that are despised and abhorred, and let the heathen know that thou 
art our God. 28 Torment them that oppress us and in arrogancy 
shamefully treat us. 29 Plant thy people in thy holy place, even as 
Moses said. 

3:24 (Apparition to Heliodorus) When he and his guards had got 
as far as the front of the treasury, the Sovereign of spirits and of all 
authority prepared a great apparition, so that all who had presumed 
to enter were striken with dismay at the power of God and fainted with 
sheer terror. 

6:14-16 In the case of other nations, the Sovereign Lord in his 
forbearance refrains from punishing them till they have filled up their 
sins to the full, but in our case he has determined otherwise, 15 that 


- 


58 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


his vengeance may not fall on us in after days when our sins have reached 
their height. 16 Wherefore he never withdraws his mercy from us; 
and though he chastens his own people with calamity, he does not 
forsake them. 

6:30 (Words of Eleazar) The Lord, who has holy knowledge, 
understands that although I might have been freed from death, I 
endure cruel pains in my body from scourging and suffer this gladly 
in my soul, because I fear him. 

7:32, 33 We are suffering for our own sins, 33 and though our 
living Lord is angry for a little, in order to rebuke and chasten us, he 
will again be reconciled to his own servants. 

9:12 (Words of repentant Antiochus) Right is it that mortal 
man should be subject to God, and not deem himself God’s equal. 


III Maccabees, Second Century B.C. 


2:1-11, 19, 20 Then the high-priest Simon, bowing his knees 
before the holy place, and spreading out his hands in calm reverence, 
prayed after this manner: 2 Lord, Lord, king of the heavens, and sovereign 
of all creation, holy among the holy ones, only ruler, almighty, give ear 
to us who are grievously troubled by one wicked and profane, made 
wanton in insolence and might. 3 For thou who has created all things, 
and governest the whole world, art a righteous ruler, and judgest those 
who do aught in violence and arrogance. .... 10° Loving the house of 
Israel, thou didst promise that if there should be a falling away, and 
distress should overtake us, and we should come to this place and make 
our supplication, thou wouldst hear our prayer. 11 And indeed thou 
art faithful and true. .... 19 Blot out our sins and scatter abroad 
our offences and manifest thy mercy at this hour. 20 Let thy compas- 
sion speedily overtake us, and put praises in the mouth of the fallen 
and broken in heart, granting us peace. 

4:21 This was the working of the invincible providence of him 
who was aiding the Jews from heaven. 3 

5:6-8 Butthe Jews... . with crying that would not be silenced, 
7 all called with tears on the almighty Lord and ruler of all power, 
their merciful God and father, 8 beseeching him to frustrate the wicked 
design against them and to deliver them by a glorious manifestation 
from the fate yawning ready before them. 

6:1-3,9-15 Butacertain Eleazar, a man of note among the priests 
of the country . . . . prayed thus: 2 King of great power, most high, 
almighty God, who governest all creation with loving kindness, look 
apon she seed of Abraham, 3 the children of Jacob thy sanctified one, 
the people sf thy sanctified inheritance, who are unjustly perishing, 
strangers in a strange land..... 9 Now thou hater of insolence, 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BasaL ELEMENTS 59 


rich in mercy, protector of all, quickly manifest thyself to the saints of 
Israel’s line, in their insolent oppression by the abominable and lawless 
heathen. 10 And if our life has been ensnared in impious deeds during 
our sojourning, save us from the hand of the enemy, and destroy us, 
O Lord, by whatever fate thou choosest. 11 Let not the men whose 
thoughts are vanity bless their vain gods for the destruction of thy 
beloved, saying, Neither has their God delivered them. 12 Thou who 
hast all might and all power, the Eternal, look now upon us; pity us who 
by mad insolence of lawless men are being sent to death as traitors; 13 and 
let the heathen to-day fear thy invincible might, thou glorious one who 
hast mighty works for the salvation of the race of Israel. 14 The whole 
multitude of babes with their parents beseech thee with tears. 15 
Let it be shown to all the heathen that thou art with us, O Lord, and 
hast not turned thy face away from us; but as thou hast said, Not even 
when they were in the land of their enemies have I forgotten them, 
even so bring it to pass, O Lord. 


Additions to Esther, 80 B.C -90 A.D. 


C 2-5 (Prayer of Mordecai) Lord, Lord, King that rulest over all, 
for in thy power is the whole world, and there is none that gainsayeth 
thee when thou willest to save Israel: 3 for thou didst make heaven and 
earth, and every wondrous thing beneath the heaven; 4 and thou art 
Lord of all, and there is not one that shall resist thee, the Lord. 5 
Thou knowest all things. 

C8 And now, Lord, God and King, the God of Abraham, spare 
thy people; for the eyes of our enemies are against us to consume us, 
and they seek to destroy the heritage that is thine from the beginning. 

C 14, 15 (Prayer of Esther) My Lord, our King, thou art God 
alone; help me who stand alone, and have no helper save thee: 15 
for my danger is in my hand. 

C17,18 And now we have sinned before thee, and thou hast deliv- 
ered us into the hands of our enemies, because we have given glory to 
their gods. 18 Righteous art thou, O Lord. 

C30 O God, whose strength is over all, hear the voice of the hope- 
less, and save us from the hand of them that deal wickedly, and save 
me out of my fear. 

F 7 Therefore the Lord made two lots, one for the people of God 
and the other for all other nations. 


IV Maccabees, 63 B.C.-38 A.D. 


5§:23-26 (Words of Eleazar) The law teaches us self-control, so 
that we are masters of all our pleasures and desires, and are thoroughly 
trained in manliness, so as to endure all pain with readiness; 24 and it 


60 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


teaches justice, so that with all our various dispositions, we act fairly, 
and it teaches righteousness, so that with true reverence we worship 
only the God who is. 25 Therefore we eat no unclean meat; for believ- 
ing our Jaw to be given by God, we know also that the Creator of the 
world, as a Lawgiver, feels for us according to our nature. 26 He > 
has commanded us to eat the things that will be convenient for our 
souls, and he has forbidden us to eat meats that would be the con- 
trary. 

13:13-15 (Words of the Seven Brothers) With a whole heart will 
we consecrate ourselves unto God who gave us our souls, and let us 
lend our bodies to the keeping of the law. 14 Let us not fear him who 
thinks he kills, 15 for a great struggle and peril of soul awaits in eternal 
torment those who transgress the ordinance of God. 

16:18, 19 (Words of the Mother of the Seven Brothers) Remember 
that for the sake of God you have come into the world and have enjoyed 
life, 19 and that therefore you owe it to God to endure all pain for his 
sake. 

16:24, 25 With these words the mother of the seven encouraged 
every single one of her sons to die rather than transgress the ordinance 
of God; 25 they themselves also knowing well that men dying for God 
live to God, as live Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, and all the 
patriarchs. 


Wisdom of Solomon, 50-1 B.C. 


1:6-8 For wisdom is a spirit that loves man, 

And she will not hold a blasphemer guiltless for his lips; 
Because God is a witness of his reins 
And is a true overseer of his heart, 
And a hearer of his tongue; 

7 Because the spirit of the Lord fills the world, 
And that which holds all things together has knowledge of every 

voice. 

8 Therefore no man that utters unrighteous things shall be unseen; 

Neither shall Justice, when it punishes, pass him by. 


1:18, 14 Because God did not make death; 
Neither does he delight when the living perish: 
14 For he created all things that they might have being: 
And the products of the world are healthsome, 
And there is no poison of destruction in them. 


2:23 Because God created man for incorruption 
And made him an image of his own proper being. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BAasAL ELEMENTS 61 


7:7 For this cause I prayed, and understanding was given me. 
I called upon God and there came to me a spirit of wisdom. 


7:25-28 For she (Wisdom) is a breath of the power of God, 

And a clear effluence of the glory of the Almighty; 
Therefore can nothing defiled find entrance into her. 

26 For she is an effulgence from everlasting light 
And an unspotted mirror of the working of God, 
And an image of his goodness. 

27 And she, though but one, has power to do all things; 
And remaining in herself, renews all things: 
And from generation to generation passing into holy souls 
She makes them friends of God and prophets. 

28 For God loves nothing except him that dwells with wisdom. 


8:3, 4 She glorifies her noble birth in that it is given her to live with God, 
And the Sovereign Lord of all loved her, 
4 For she is initiated into the knowledge of God, 
And she chooses out for him his works. 


9:1-4 O God of the fathers, and Lord who keepest thy mercy, 

Who madest all things by thy word (Adyos) 

2 And by thy wisdom formedst man, 
That he should have dominion over the creatures that were made 

by thee, 

3 And rule the world in holiness and righteousness, 
And execute judgment in uprightness of soul; 

4 Give me wisdom, her that sitteth with thee on thy throne. 


9:9, 10 And with thee is wisdom, which knoweth thy works 
And was present when thou wast making the world, 
And did understand what is pleasing in thine eyes, 
And what is right according to thy commandments. 

10 Send her forth out of the holy heavens 

And from the throne of thy glory bid her come, 
That being present with me she may toil with me, 
And that I may learn what is well-pleasing before thee. 


9:13 For what man shall know the counsel of God? 
Or who shall conceive what the Lord wills? 


11:23 But thou hast mercy on all men, because thou hast power to do 
all things, 
And thou overlookest the sins of men to the end they may 
repent. 


62 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


11:24 For thou lovest all things that are, 
And abhorrest none of the things which thou didst make; 
For never wouldst thou have formed anything if thou didst 
hate it. 


11:26 But thou sparest all things, because they are thine, 
O Sovereign Lord, thou lover of souls; 


12:1 For thine incorruptible spirit is in all things. i) 


16:26 That thy sons whom thou lovedst, O Lord, might learn 
That thy word preserveth them that love thee. 
(See also 18:14~-16.) 


II Enoch, 1-50 A.D. 


Introd. There was a wise man, a great artificer, and the Lord 
conceived love for him and received him, that he should behold the 
uppermost dwellings and be an eyewitness of the wise and great and 
inconceivable and immutable realm of God Almighty, of the very 
wonderful and glorious and bright and many-eyed station of the Lord’s 
servants, and of the inaccessible throne of the Lord, and of the degrees 
and manifestations of the incorporeal hosts, and of the ineffable ministra- 
tion of the multitude of the elements, and of the various apparition 
and inexpressible singing of the host of cherubim, and of the bound- 
less light. 

20:3 They showed me the Lord from afar, sitting on his very 
high throne. 

21:1,2 And the cherubim and seraphim standing about the throne, 
the six-winged and many-eyed ones do not depart, standing before the 
Lord’s face, doing his will, and cover his whole throne, singing with 
gentle voice before the Lord’s face: “Holy, holy, holy, Lord Ruler of 
Sabaoth, heavens and earth are full of thy glory.” 2... . Iremained 
alone at the end of the seventh heaven and became afraid, and fell on 
my face and said to myself: ‘Woe is me, what has befallen me?” 

22:4, 5 And I fell prone and bowed down to the Lord, and the 
Lord with his lips said to me: 5 ‘‘Have courage, Enoch, do not fear, 
arise and stand before my face into eternity.”’ 

33:3, 4 And now Enoch, all that I have told you,! all that you 
have understood, all that you have seen of heavenly things, all that 
you have seen on earth, and all that I have written in books by my 
great wisdom, all these things I have devised and created from the 
uppermost foundation to the lower and to the end, 4 and there is no 


1In chaps. 24-30 God tells Enoch the story of creation. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 63 


counsellor nor inheritor to my creations. I am self-eternal, not made 
with hands, and without change. My thought is my counsellor, my 
wisdom and my word are made, and my eyes observe all things how 
they stand here and tremble with terror. If I turn away my face, then 
all things will be destroyed. . 

33:7 For I created all forces, and there is none that resists me or 
that does not subject himself to me. For all subject themselves to 
my monarchy, and labor for my sole rule. 

39:3, 4 I am one who has seen the Lord’s face; like iron made to 
glow from fire it sends forth sparks and burns. 4 You look now upon 
my eyes, the eyes of a man big with meaning for you, but I have seen 
the Lord’s eyes, shining like the sun’s rays and filling the eyes of man 
with awe. 

39:8 And now, my children, hear the discourses of the father of 
the earth, how fearful and awful it is to come before the face of the ruler 
of the earth, how much more terrible and awful it is to come before the 
face of the ruler of heaven, the controller of quick and dead, and of the 
heavenly troops. Who can endure that endless pain? 

53:3 The Lord sees all the imaginings of man how they are vain, 
where they lie in the treasure-houses of the heart. 

66:3-5 For the Lord sees all things; when man takes thought in 
his heart, then he counsels the intellects, and every thought is always 
before the Lord, who made firm the earth and put all creatures on it. 
4 If you look to heaven, the Lord is there; if you take thought of the 
sea’s deep and all the under-earth, the Lord is there. 5 For the Lord 
created all things. 
Philo, 15-45 A.D. 

Abel and Cain 30 (1:231)! You will take away therefore, O my 
mind, whatever is created or mortal, or changeable or unconsecrated, 
from your conceptions regarding the uncreate God, immortal, unchange- 
able, and holy, the only God, blessed forever. 

Alleg. of Laws 2:1 (1:81) There is nothing equal to God, and 
nothing superior to him, and nothing is combined with him which is 
worse than himself. .... God exists according to oneness and unity. 

Alleg. of Laws 2:21 (1:102) The most universal of all things is 
God. But other things have an existence only in word, but indeed 
they are at times equivalent to that which has no existence. 

Alleg. of Laws 3:31 (1:133) But a shadow of God is his word 
(Logos) which he used as an instrument when he was making the world, 
and his shadow and, as it were, model is the archetype of other things. 


1The numbers before the parentheses correspond to the notation in Richter’s 
edition of the Greek text and may also be found in the Cohn and Wendland edition, and 
in Yonge’s translation. The numbers in parentheses refer to the volume and page of 
the Yonge translation. 


64 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


For as God himself is the model of that image which he has now called 
a shadow, so also is that image the model of other things. 

Unchangeableness 6 (1:348) To God as dwelling in pure light, all 
things are visible; for he, penetrating into the very recesses of the soul, 
is able to see with most perfect certainty what is invisible to others, and 
being possessed of presence and providence, his peculiar attributes, he 
allows nothing to abuse its liberty, and to stray out of the reach of his 
comprehension, since with him there is no uncertainty even in the 
future, for there is nothing uncertain nor even future to God. 

Unchangeableness 12 (1:354) But God, inasmuch as he is uncre- 
ated, and the being who has brought all other things to creation, stood 
in need of none of those things which are usually added to creatures. 
.... In addition to the fact of his wanting nothing he actually has 
everything; and when he gives he employs reason (Logos) as the minister 
of his gifts, by whose agency also he created the world. 

Cherub. 25 (1:196) He is free from all pain, and free from all 
fear: he has no participation in any evils, he yields to no one, he suffers 
no sorrow, he knows no fatigue, he is full of unalloyed happiness; his 
nature is entirely perfect, or rather God is himself the perfection, and 
completion and boundary of happiness, partaking of nothing else by 
which he can be rendered better, but giving to every individual thing 
a portion of what is suited to it, from the fountain of good, namely, 
from himself; for the beautiful things in the world would never have 
been such as they are if they had not been made after an archetypal 
pattern, which was really beautiful, the uncreate, and blessed, and 
imperishable model of all things. 

Creation 6 (1:6) Itis manifest also, that the archetypal seal, which 
we call the world, which is perceptible only to the intellect, must itself 
be the archetypal model, the idea of ideas, the Reason (Logos) of God. 

Creation 48 (1:41) It follows of necessity that an imitation of a 
perfectly beautiful model must itself be perfectly beautiful, for the 
word (Logos) of God surpasses even that beauty which exists in nature 
which is perceptible only by the external senses. 

Dreams 2:6 (2:352) For God gives to the soul a seal, a very beauti- 
ful gift, to show that he has invested with shape the essence of all things 
which was previously devoid of shape, and has stamped with a particular 
character that which previously had no character, and has endowed 
with form that which had previously no distinctive form, and having 
perfected the entire world, he has impressed upon it an image and 
appearance, namely, his own word (Logos). 

Posterity of Cain 25 (1:305) It is not our creation that has estab- 
lished these boundaries, but reasons (Logoi) which are older than we, or 
than anything upon the earth; and which, moreover, are divine. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS © 65 


Prayer of Manasses, Date Uncertain, Perhaps Second Century A.D. 


6, 7 Infinite and unsearchable is thy merciful promise; 7 for thou 
art the Lord Most High, of great compassion, long-suffering and abun- 
dant in mercy, and repentest thee for the evils of men. Thou, O Lord, 
according to thy great goodness hast promised repentance and forgive- 
ness to them that have sinned against thee; and in the multitude of 
thy mercies hast appointed repentance unto sinners, that they may be 
saved. 

13, 14 For thou, O Lord, art the God of them that repent; 14 
and in me thou wilt show forth all thy goodness: for thou wilt save 
me, unworthy that I am, according to thy great mercy. 


Books of Adam and Eve, ca. 200 A.D. 


Life 25:3 I saw the Lord sitting and his face was flaming fire that 
could not be endured. And many thousands of angels were on the 
right and the left of that chariot. 

Life 28:1, 2 Thou art the eternal and supreme God, and all 
creatures give thee honor and praise. 2 Thou art the true light, gleam- 
ing above all lights, the Living Life, infinite mighty Power. To Thee 
the spiritual powers give honour and praise. Thou workest on the race 
of men the abundance of thy mercy. 

Apoc. Mos. 27:4,5 (God, rebuking the angels for being more lenient 
with Adam than he is) Why do ye not cast him out? Is it I who have 
done wrong? Or is my judgment badly judged? 5 Then the angels 
fell down on the ground and worshipped the Lord, saying, Thou art 
just, O Lord, and thou judgest righteous judgment. 

Apoc. Mos. 36:3 (The sun and moon appear black in the presence 
of God) The light has not left them; but they can not shine before the 
Light of the Universe, the Father of Light; and on this account their 
light has been hidden from them. 


II. PALESTINIAN 
Tobit, Date Uncertain, 350-170 B.C. 


8:5 Blessed art thou, God of our fathers, and blessed is thy name 
forever and ever; let the heavens bless thee, and all thy creation to 
all the ages. 

12:15 I am Raphael, one of the seven angels, who stand and 
enter before the glory of the Lord. 

1 This is the reading of Aleph. B reads: ‘‘I am Raphael, one of the seven holy 


angels, who present the prayer of the holy ones, and enter before the glory of the 
Holy One.” 


66 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


13:4-6 Extol ye him before all the living, 
Because he is our Lord, and he our God, and he our Father, 
Yea he is God to all the ages: 
5 He will chastise you for your iniquities, 
And he will show mercy unto you all. 
6 When you turn unto him out of all the nations 
Whithersoever ye shall be scattered. 


13:18 Blessed is the God of Israel 
And the blessed shall bless the name 
That is holy forever and ever. 


Sirach, 190-170 B.C. 
18:1 He that liveth forever created all things together. 


18:18 The mercy of man is (exercised upon) his own kin, 
But the mercy of God is (extended) to all flesh, 
Reproving, and chastening, and teaching, 

And bringing them back as a shepherd his flock. 


23:1 O Lord, Father, and God of my life, 
Abandon me not to their counsel. 


23:9 Accustom not your mouth to an oath 
Nor make a habit of the naming of the Holy One. 


42:18, 19 For Jahweh possesses all knowledge 
And sees what comes to eternity. 
19 He declares what is past and what is future 
And reveals the profoundest secrets. 


42:21 From everlasting he is the same: 
Nothing has been added and nothing taken away. 


43:27 The conclusion of the matter is: He is all. 


I Enoch (Part I), before 170 B.C. 


1:3 The Holy Great One will come forth from his dwelling and 
the eternal God will tread upon the earth. 

9:4, 5 Lord of lords, God of gods, King of kings, and God of the 
ages, the throne of thy glory standeth unto all the generations of the 
ages, and thy name holy and glorious and blessed unto all the ages! 
5 Thou has made all things, and power over all things hast thou: and 
all things are naked and open in thy sight, and thou seest all things, 
and nothing can hide itself from thee. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 67 


I Maccabees, 186 B.C. 


2:61 Thus consider from generation to generation; all who hope 
in him shall want for nothing. 

3:18, 19 There is no difference in the sight of Heaven to save by 
many or by few; 19 for victory in battle does not stand in the multitude 
of a host, but strength is from Heaven. 


Jubilees, 135-105 B.C. 


1:24, 25 (Words of God to Moses concerning the children of 
Israel) And their souls will cleave to me and to all my commandments, 
and they will fulfil my commandments, and I will be their Father, and 
they shall be my children. 25 And they all shall be called children of 
the living God, and every angel and every spirit shall know, yea, they 
shall know that these are my children, and that I am their Father in 
uprightness and righteousness, and that I love them. 


10:3 (Words of Noah) God of the spirits of all flesh, who hast shown 
mercy unto me, 
And hast saved me and my sons from the waters of the flood. 


12:4 Worship the God of heaven, 
Who causes the rain and the dew to descend on the earth. 
And does everything upon the earth, 
And has created everything by his word, 
And all life is from before his face. 


12:18, 19 (Words of Abraham) If he desires, he causes it to rain, 
morning and evening; 
And if he desires, he withholds it, 
And all things are in his hand. 
19 .... My God, God most High, thou alone art my God, 

And thee and thy dominion have I chosen 

And thou hast created all things, 

And all things are the work of thy hands. 


15:31, 32 For there are many nations and many peoples, and all 
are his, and over all he has placed spirits in authority to lead them astray 
from him. 32 But over Israel he did not appoint any angel or spirit, 
for he alone is their ruler, and he will preserve them and require them 
at the hand of his angels and his spirits, and at the hand of all his 
powers in order that he may preserve them and bless them, and that 
they may be his and he may be theirs from henceforth forever. 


68 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Sim. 2:6 Valor also has been given from the Most High to men 
in soul and body. 


Sim. 6:5, 6 Then the Mighty One of Israel shall glorify Shem, 
For the Lord God shall appear on earth, 
And himself save men. 
6 Then shall all the spirits of deceit be given to be trodden 
under foot, 
And men shall rule over wicked spirits. 


Levi 3:4-10 And in the highest of all dwells the Great Glory, far 
above all holiness. 5 In the heaven next to it are the archangels who 
minister and make propitiation to the Lord for all the sins of ignorance 
of the righteous; 6 offering to the Lord a sweet-smelling savour, a 
reasonable and a bloodless offering. 7 And in the heaven below this 
are the angels who bear answers to the angels of the presence of the Lord. 
8 And in the heaven next to this are thrones and dominions, in which 
always they offer praise to God. 9 When, therefore, the Lord looks 
upon us, all of us are shaken; yea, the heavens and the earth, and the 
abysses are shaken at the presence of his majesty. 10 But the sons of 
men, having no perception of these things, sin and provoke the Most 
High. 


Levi 13:1-3 And now my children I command you 

Fear the Lord your God with your whole heart, 
And walk in simplicity according to all his law. 

2 And do you also teach your children letters, 
That they may have understanding all their life, 
Reading unceasingly the law of God. 

3 For every one that knows the language of the Lord shall 

be honoured. 


Levi 14:3, 4 For as the heaven is purer in the Lord’s sight than the 
earth, so also be you, the lights of Israel, (purer) than all the Gentiles. 
4 But if you be darkened through transgressions, what therefore will 
all the Gentiles do, living in blindness? Yes, you shall bring a curse upon 
our race, because the light of the law was given to lighten every man. 
This ye desire to destroy by teaching commandments contrary to the 
ordinances of God. 

Levi 17:2 And in the first jubilee, the first who is anointed to the 
priesthood shall be great, and shall speak to God as to a Father. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 69 


Levi 18:6 The heavens shall be opened. And from the temple of 
glory shall come upon him sanctification with the Father’s voice, as 
from Abraham to Isaac. 

Levi 19:2 And his sons answered him, saying, Before the Lord 
we will walk according to his law. 


Jud, 24:2 And the heavens shall be opened unto him, 
To pour out the spirit, the blessing of the Holy Father. 


Iss. 7:7 So do you also these things, my children, 
And every spirit of Beliar shall flee from you, 
And no deed of wicked men shall rule over you; 
And every wild beast shall you subdue 
Since you have with you the God of heaven and earth. 


Zeb. 9:8 And after these things shall there arise unto you the Lord 
himself, the light of righteousness, .... 
And he shall bring back all the Gentiles into zeal for him. 


Dan 5:2 You shall be in peace, having the God of peace, 
So shall no war prevail over you. 


Jos. 1:6 I was alone, and God comforted me: 
I was sick, and the Lord visited me: 
I was in prison, and my God showed favor unto me. 


Jos. 9:2,3 God loves him who in a den of wickedness combines fast 
ing with chastity, rather than the man who in King’s chambers com- 
bines luxury with license. 3 And if a man lives in chastity, and desires 
also glory, and the Most High knows that it is expedient for him, he 
bestows this also upon me. 

Jos. 10:2 If you follow after chastity and purity, with patience 
and prayer, with fasting in humility of heart, the Lord will dwell among 
you, because he loves chastity. 

Benj. 4:5 As for him who has the fear of God, he protects him as 
with a shield; him who loves God he helps; him who rejects the Most 
High he admonishes and turns back; him who has the grace of a good 
spirit he loves as his own soul. 


I Enoch (Part V), 104-95 B.C. 


93:11 Who is there of all the children of men that is able to 
hear the voice of the Holy One without being troubled? And who can 
think his thoughts? And who is there that can behold all the works 
of heaven ? 


70 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


97:2 Be it known unto you, you sinners, that the Most High is 
mindful of your destruction and the angels of heaven rejoice over your 
destruction. 

99:10 Observe the paths ‘of the Most High, and walk in the path 
of his righteousness, and do not become godless with the godless. 

100:4 The Most High will arise on that day of judgment to 
execute great judgment amongst sinners. 

103:1 Iswear to you, the righteous, by the glory of the Great and 
Honored and Mighty One in dominion, and by his greatness I swear 
to you. 


I Enoch (Part II, Similitudes), 94-64 B.C. 


39:12 Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of Spirits: he fills the earth 
with spirits. 

46:1 And there I saw One who had a head of days and his head 
was white like wool. 

60:2 And the Head of Days sat on the throne of his glory, and 
the angels and the righteous stood around him. 

71:10 And with them the Head of Days, his head white and pure 
as wool and his raiment indescribable. 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


2:19 God is a righteous judge 
And he is no respecter of persons. 
5:11, 12 Birds and fish dost thou nourish, 
In that thou givest rain to the steppes, that green grass may 
spring up, 
So to prepare fodder in the steppe for every living thing; 
12 And if they hunger, unto thee do they lift up their face. 


6:1-3 Happy is the man whose heart is fixed to call upon the name of 
the Lord; 
2 When he remembers the name of the Lord, he will be saved. 
3 His ways are made even by the Lord, 
And the works of his hands are preserved by the Lord his God. 


6:8,9 The Lord hears the prayer of every one who fears God, 
And every request of the soul that hopes for him the Lord 
accomplishes. 
9 Blessed is the Lord, who shows mercy to those who love him in 
sincerity. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS rel 


7:5-8 While thy name dwelleth in our midst, we shall find mercy; 
6 And nations shall not prevail against us. 
For thou art our shield 
7 And when we call upon thee, thou hearkenest to us; 
8 For thou wilt pity the seed of Israel forever 
And thou wilt not reject them. 


8:7, 8 I thought upon the judgments of God since the creation of heaven 
and earth; 
I held God righteous in his judgments which have been from of 
old. 
8 God laid bare their sins in the full light of day; 
All the earth came to know the righteous judgments of 
God. 


16:4,5 My saviour and helper at all times saved me. 
5 I will give thanks unto thee, O God, for thou hast helped me 
to my salvation. 


18:11-14 Great is our God and glorious, dwelling in the highest. 
12 It is he who has established in their courses the lights of 
heaven for determining seasons from year to year, 
And they have not turned aside from the way which he 
appointed them. 
13 In the fear of God they pursue their path every day, 
From the day God created them and forevermore, 
14 And they have not erred since the day he created 
them. 
Since the generations of old they have not withdrawn from 
their path, 
Unless God commanded them so to do by the command of 
his servants. 


The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Children 
Date Uncertain, Probably First Century B.C. 


Three 1-22 The Prayer of Azariah.1 
Three 29-68 The Song of the Three Children.! 


1 These passages are too long to be quoted, yet they should be read in their entirety. 
Though imitative of the Old Testament, they will illustrate certain features of the 
Jewish thought concerning God about the beginning of the Christian era. They 
emphasize the unique deity of one God, who is God of all things, animate and inani- 
mate, and yet the special champion of Israel. 


72 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C.—70 A.D. 


1:17 And so the wrath of God was kindled against their congre- 
gation, 
So that he laid waste all their multitude, 
And their deeds were uncleanness before him. 


2:24 God loves wisdom, 

And counsel he has set before him; 
Prudence and knowledge minister to him. 

3 Long-suffering is with him 
And plenteousness of forgiveness 
To pardon those who repent of transgression. 

4 And power and might and great fury with flames of fire 
For them who turned aside out of the way, 
And abhorred the statute. 


Assumption of Moses, 7-29 A.D. 


1:12 He has created the world on behalf of his people. 

4:2 Lord of all, King on the lofty throne, who rulest the world, 
and didst will that this people should be thine elect people, then indeed 
thou didst will that thou shouldst be called their God, according to the 
covenant which thou didst make with their fathers. 


II Baruch, 60-100 A.D. 


21:4 O thou that hast made the earth, hear me, that hast fixed 
the firmament by the word, and hast made firm the height of the 
heaven by the spirit, that hast called from the beginning of the world 
that which did not exist, and they obey thee. .... 


48:2,3 O my Lord, thou summonest the advent of the times, 
And they stand before thee; 
Thou causest the power of the ages to pass away, 
And they do not resist thee; 
Thou arrangest the method of the seasons 
And they obey thee. 

3 Thou alone knowest the duration of the generations 

And thou revealest not thy mysteries to many. .... 


IV Esdras, 100-135 A.D. 


4:11 How then should thy vessel be able to comprehend the way 
of the Most High? For the way of the Most High has been formed 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 73 


without measure; how, then, should it be possible for a mortal in a 
corruptible world to understand the ways of the Incorruptible ? 

5:27 Out of all the peoples who have become so numerous thou 
hast gotten thee one people: and the law which thou didst approve out 
of all thou hast bestowed upon the people whom thou didst desire. 

6:1, 6 And he said unto me: In the beginning of the terrestrial 
world, before ever the heavenward portals were standing, or ever the 
wind-blasts blew; . . . . 6 Even then I had these things in mind; and 
through me alone and no other were they created; as also the end shall 
come through me alone and none other. 

6:55, 56 O Lord, because thou hast said that for our sakes thou 
hast created the world. 56 But as for the other nations that are 
descended from Adam, thou hast said that they are nothing, and that 
they are like spittle. .... (Ci Tits) 


Pirke Aboth, ca. 200 A.D. 


2:2 Let all who labor with the congregation labor with them for 
the Name of Heaven. 

2:16 Let all thy actions be to the Name of Heaven. 

2:17 When you pray do not make your prayer a fixed form, but 
mercies and entreaties before God. As it is said: For he is gracious 
and merciful, long-suffering and full of compassion, and repents of evil. 

3:3 When two sit and there are between them words of Torah, 
the Shekinah rests between them. 

4:5 Every one who profanes the Name of Heaven in secret, 
they exact punishment from him openly; the ignorant and the willful 
are alike sinners in regard to the profaning of the Name. 


4:10 Judge not alone; for there is none save One that judges 
alone. 


4:12 If you have laboured at the Torah, there will be for him 
much reward to give you. 

4:14 Every assembly which is for the sake of Heaven will in the 
end be established; and one that is not for the sake of Heaven will in 
the end not be established. 

5:23 Be bold as a leopard, and light as an eagle, and swift as a 
gazelle, and strong as a lion to do the will of your Father who is in 
heaven. 

6:11 Five possessions has the Holy One, blessed be he, acquired 
in his world, and they are these: Torah is one possession; heaven and 
earth are one possession; Abraham is one possession; Israel is one 
possession; the house of the sanctuary is one possession. 

6:12 All that the Holy One, blessed be he, created in his world, 
he created it only for his glory. 


74 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


D. Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 
(See Introduction, pp. 12-15.) 


E. Moprrn LITERATURE 

Notr.—Passages marked with an asterisk (*) deal with the views held in New 
Testament times. 

Toy, chap. ii*; Oesterly and Box, chap. vii*; Bousset, Religion, 
pp. 221 ff., 347-67, 410-96, 513*; Herford, Christianity, pp. 258-67*; 
Wendt, I, 184-209; Montefiore, Religious Teaching, chap. iv; Moffatt, 
chap. iii; Stevens, TZeaching, chap. vi; Glover, chap. v; Burton, 
Galatians, pp. 384 ff., especially 390. 


3. THE HOLY SPIRIT 
A. Tue JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:32-34 And John testified, saying, I have seen the Spirit 
descending as a dove out of heaven; and it rested upon him. 33 And 
I did not know him; and he that sent me to baptize in water said to me, 
Upon whomever you shall see the Spirit descending, and resting on him, 
he it is that baptizes in the Holy Spirit. 34 And I have seen and have 
testified that this is the Son of God. 

Jn 38:5-8 Jesus answered, In very truth, I tell you, Unless one is 
born of water and the Spirit, he can not enter the kingdom of God. 
6 That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the 
Spirit is spirit. 7 Be not surprised that I said to you, You must be 
born anew. 8 The wind blows where it will, and you hear the sound 
of it, but you do not know where it comes from or where it is going. 
So it is in the case of every one that is born of the Spirit. 

Jn 6:63 It is the spirit that gives life; the flesh is of no profit: 
the words that I have spoken unto you are spirit, and they are life. 

Jn 7:37-39 Now on the last day, the great day of the feast, 
Jesus stood and cried, saying, If any man thirst, let him come to me 
and drink. 388 He that believes in me, as the scripture has said, out 
from him shall flow rivers of living water. 39 But this he said in refer- 
ence to the Spirit, which they that believe in him were to receive: for 
the Spirit had not yet come; because Jesus was not yet glorified. 

Jn 14:15-18 If you love me, you will keep my commandments. 
16 And I will pray the Father, and he will give you another Helper, 
to be with you for ever. 17 I mean the Spirit of truth, whom! the 
world cannot receive; for it does not see him,? nor know him; you know 
him;? for he? will remain with you, and will be in you. 18 I will not 
leave you desolate: I will come to you. 


1Gr, “‘which.” 2Gr. “it.” 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 75 

Jn 14:26 But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom! the Father will 
send in my name, he will teach you all things, and will recall to your 
mind all that I said to you. 

Jn 15:26 But when the Helper has come, whom I will send unto 
you from the Father, the Spirit of truth, who! comes from the Father, 
he will bear testimony about me. 

Jn 16:7-15 It is for your advantage that I should go away; for 
if I do not go away, the Helper will not come to you; but if I go, I will 
send him to you. 8 And when he has come, he will convict the world 
in reference to sin, and righteousness, and judgment: 9 in reference 
to sin, because they do not believe in me; 10 in reference to righteous- 
ness because I go to the Father, and you will see me no more; 11 in 
‘reference to judgment, because the prince of this world has been judged. 
12 I have still many things to say to you, but you can not bear them 
now. 13 But when he, the Spirit of truth, comes, he will guide you 
into all the truth; for he will not speak from himself; but whatever 
he hears, these things he will speak, and will announce to you the things 
that are to come. 14 He will glorify me; for he will take of what 
belongs to me, and announce it to you. 15 All things that the Father 
has are mine: therefore I said that he will take of mine, and announce 
it to you. 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mt 3:11 I indeed bap- 
tize you in water to 
bring about repent- 
ance; but... . he 
will baptize you in 
Holy Spirit and fire. 


Mt3:16 And....the 
heavens were opened 
to him, and he saw 
the Spirit of God de- 
scending as a dove and 
coming upon him. 


Mt 4:1 Then Jesus 
was led by the Spirit 
into the wilderness. 


1Gr, “which.’’ 


Mk 1:8 I baptized 
you with water; but 
he will baptize you 
with Holy Spirit [17]. 


Mk 1:10 And immedi- 
ately as he was coming 
up out of the water, he 
saw the heavens rent 
asunder, and the Spirit 
as a dove descending 
upon him [18]. 


Mk 1:12 And immedi- 
ately the Spirit drove 
him forth into the 
wilderness [19]. 


Lk 3:16 I indeed bap- 
tize you with water; 
but .... he will bap- 
tize you in Holy Spirit 
and fire. 


Ley S121 eo 
The heaven was 
opened, 22 and the 
Holy Spirit descended 
in bodily form as a 
dove upon him. 


Lk 4:1 And Jesus, full 
of Holy Spirit, re- 
turned from the Jordan 
and was led in the 
Spirit in the wilder- 
ness. 


76 


Mt 12:31, 32 Men will 
be forgiven every sin 
and blasphemy; but 
the blasphemy against 
the Spirit will not be 
forgiven. 32 And who- 
ever speaks a word 
against the Son of 
man, it will be for- 
given him; but who- 
ever shall speak 
against the Holy 
Spirit, it will not be 
forgiven, either in this 
world, or in that which 
is to come. 


Mk'3: 28, 29 Of a truth 
I tell you that men 
shall be forgiven all 
their sins and the blas- 
phemies with which 
they blaspheme. 29 
But whoever blas- 
phemes against the 
Holy Spirit will never 
be forgiven [50]. 


Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Lk 12:10 And every 
one who shall speak a 
word against the Son 
of man will be for- 
given; but he that 
blasphemes against the 
Holy Spirit will not 
be forgiven [111. P]. 


Mk 12:36 David himself said in the Holy Spirit,1 The Lord said 
to my Lord, Sit on my right hand, till I put your enemies under your 
feet (155. Mt 22:44; Lk 20:42, 43]. 


Mt 10:19, 20 And 
when they deliver you 
up, be not anxious how 
or what you shall 
speak; for what you 
shall say will be given 
you in that hour. 20 
For it is not you that 
speak, but the Spirit 
of your Father that 
speaks in you [72]. 


Lk 1:15-17 


Mk 13:11 And when 
they lead you to judg- 
ment, and deliver you 
up, be not anxious 
beforehand what you 
shall speak; but what- 
ever is given ‘you in 
that hour, speak; for 
it is not you that 
speak, but the Holy 
Spirit? [161]. 


Lk 12:11, 12 And 
when they bring you 
to the synagogues be- 
fore the magistrates 


-and the authorities, 


be not anxious what 
defence you shall make 
or what you shall say; 
12 for the Holy Spirit 
will teach you in that 
hour what you ought 
to say [111. P]. 


For he will be great in the sight of the Lord, and he 


will drink no wine or strong drink; and he will be filled with Holy 
Spirit from the moment of his birth. 16 And he will turn many of 
the children of Israel to the Lord their God. 17 And he will go before 
his face in the spirit and power of Elijah, to turn the hearts of fathers to 
children, and to lead the disobedient to walk in the wisdom of the right- 
eous; to make ready for the Lord a people prepared for him [8. LI]. 


1Lk 20:42 reads: ‘‘in the book of Psalms.” 
2Lk 21:14, 15 reads: ‘‘Settle it in your hearts not to prepare your defence before- 


hand. 15 For I will give you utterance and wisdom which all your adversaries will 
not be able to resist’’ [161. J]. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BasaL ELEMENTS V7 


Lk 1:35 And the angel said to her, Holy Spirit will come upon 
you, and power of the Most High will enfold you: therefore also the 
child that is born will be called holy, Son of God [4. LI]. 

Lk 1:41 And when Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the 
babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with Holy Spirit 
[6. LI]. 

Lk 1:67 And his father Zacharias was filled with Holy Spirit and 
prophesied [7. LI]. 

Lk 2:25-28 And there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name was 
Simeon; and this man was righteous and devout, looking for the Com- 
forter of Israel: and Holy Spirit was upon him. 26 And it had been 
revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he should not die before he had 
seen the Christ of the Lord. 27 And he came in the Spirit into the 
temple; and when the parents brought in the child Jesus, to do for him 
what the law required, 28 he took him into his arms, and blessed God 
[11. LI]. 

Lk 4:14 And Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee 
[20. G]. 

Lk 10:21 In that same hour he rejoiced in the Holy Spirit and 
aaid’ >... 6) (102. Ps’ Mt 11:25 (47)]. 

Lk 11:13 If you then, though you are evil, know how to give 
good gifts to your children, how much more will your heavenly Father 
give the Holy Spirit to those that ask him? [105. P; Mt 7:11 (41)]? 


Mt 12:16-18 And he charged them not to talk about him, 17 that 
it might be fulfilled which was spoken through Isaiah the prophet, saying, 
18 Behold, my servant whom I chose; 

My beloved in whom my soul took pleasure: 

I will put my Spirit upon him, 

And he shall announce judgment to the Gentiles [83. M?; addition 
to Mk 3:12]. 

Mt 12:28 Butif I by the Spirit of God expel the demons, then the 
kingdom of God has come upon you [50. P; Lk 11:20% (106)]. 

Mt 1:18-20 Now the birth of [Jesus] Christ occurred in this way: 
When his mother Mary was betrothed to Joseph, before they began to 
live together, she was found to be with child by the Holy Spirit. 19 
And Joseph her husband, being a righteous man and not willing to expose 
her to disgrace, was inclined to divorce her secretly. 20 But when he 
had thought over the matter, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in 


1Mt 11:25 reads: ‘‘In that hour Jesus answered and said. . . .” [47. P]. 
2 Mt 7:11 reads: ‘“‘give good things to those that ask him” [41. P]. 
8 Lk 11:20 reads: ‘‘by the finger of God’’ [106. P]. 


78 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


a dream, and said, Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take 
Mary your wife: for the child which is begotten in her is from Holy 
Spirit [5. MI; cf. Lk 1:35 above]. 

Mt 28:19 Go, therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, 
baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the 
Holy Spirit [185; probably M? based on Mk original]. 


C. Tue Views oF JEWISH WRITERS 


I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Sibylline Oracles (Book III), Second Century B.C. 
3:701 For all over the world the Spirit of God can not lie. 


Wisdom of Solomon, 50-1 B.C. 


1:5 Fora holy spirit of discipline will flee deceit. 

1:6 For wisdom is a spirit that loves man. 

1:7 Because the spirit of the Lord has filled the world, and that 
which holds all things together has knowledge of every voice. 

7:7 Icalled upon God, and there came to me a spirit of wisdom. 

7:22 For there is in her (wisdom) a spirit quick of understanding, 
holy, alone in kind, manifold, subtil, freely moving, clear in utterance, 
unpolluted, distinct, unharmed, loving what.is good, keen, unhindered. 

9:17 And whoever gained knowledge of thy counsel, except thou 
gavest wisdom, and sentest thy holy spirit from on high ? 

12:1, 2 For thine incorruptible spirit is in all things. 2 Wherefore 
thou correctest by little and little them that fall by the way. 


IT Enoch, 1-50 A.D. 


30:8 On the sixth day I commanded my wisdom to create man from 
seven consistencies: one, his flesh from the earth .... and seven, 
his spirit from my breath and from the wind. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 


Creation 46 (1:39) But he (Moses) asserts that the formation of 
the individual man, perceptible by the external sense, is a composition 
of earthly substance and divine spirit. For that the body was created 
by the Creator taking a lump of clay and fashioning the human form 
out of it; but that the soul proceeds from no created thing at all but 
from the Father and Ruler of all things. For when he uses the expres- 
sion, ‘‘he breathed into,’’ he means nothing else than the divine spirit, 
proceeding from the happy and blessed nature. 

Creation 50 (1:43) And being akin and nearly related to the Ruler 
of all, inasmuch as a great deal of the divine spirit had flowed into him, 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 79 


he (the Logos?) was eager both to say and do everything which might 
please his father and King. 

Giants 5 (1:333) And in all such matters, it is impossible for the 
spirit of God to remain and pass all its time, as the law-giver himself 
shows. ‘For,’ says Moses, ‘‘the Lord said, My spirit shall not remain 
among men forever, because they are flesh.” For, at times, it does 
remain; but it does not remain forever and ever among the greater part 
of us; for who is so destitute of reason or so lifeless as never, either 
voluntarily or involuntarily, to conceive a notion of the all-good God. 
For, very often, even over the most polluted and accursed beings, there 
hovers a sudden appearance of the good, but they are unable to take 
firm hold of it and to keep it among them. 

Giants 5 (1:333) But the spirit of God is spoken of in one manner 
as being air flowing upon the earth, bringing a third element in addition 
to water. In reference to which, Moses says in his account of the crea- 
tion of the world, “The spirit of God moved upon the face of 
the waters.’”’ Since the air, as it is very light, is raised and borne aloft, 
having water, as it were, for its foundation; and, in another manner, 
unalloyed knowledge is said to be so, which every wise man naturally 
partakes of. And Moses shows us this when speaking of the Creator 
and maker of the holy work of the creation, in these words: ‘“‘And God 
summoned Bezaleel, and filled him with his Holy Spirit, and with wis- 
dom, and understanding, and knowledge, to be able to devise every 
work.” So that what the spirit of God is, is very definitely described 
in these words. 

Giants 6 (1:334) Such also is the spirit of Moses, which came upon 
the seventy elders, for the sake of making them differ from, and be 
superior to, the rest of the Israelites, who could not possibly be elders 
in real truth, unless they had partaken of the all-wise spirit. For it 
is said, ‘I will take of my spirit which is upon thee, and I will pour 
it upon the seventy elders. .... af 

Now the spirit which is upon him is the wise, the divine, the indivis- 

_ible, the indistributable, the good spirit, the spirit which is everywhere 
diffused, so as to fill the universe, which, while it benefits others, is not 
injured by having a participation in it given to another, and if added 
to something else, either as to its understanding, or its knowledge, or 
its wisdom. 

Giants 7 (1:335) On which account it is possible that the spirit 
of God may remain in the soul, but that it should remain forever is 
impossible, as we have said..... And this Moses represents God as 
admitting when he says that, ‘“‘Because they are flesh,” the spirit of 
God can not abide in them.! 


1 See further in Burton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh, pp. 143, 157 ff. 


80 Tue TEACHING oF J ESUS 


Josephus, 75-100 A.D. 

Ant. i. 34 (i. 2) God formed man by taking the dust from the earth, 
and he implanted spirit and soul init. And this man was called Adam. 

Ant. iv. 118 (vi. 5) And he (Balaam) prophesied such things not 
of himself (literally, not being in himself), but constrained to them by 
the divine Spirit. (Cf. iv. 108 [vi. 3].) 

Ant. vi. 166 (viii. 2) And the divine (power or spirit) left Saul 
and went over to David. And, the divine Spirit having transferred its 
abode to him, he began to prophesy. (Cf. vi. 222, 223 [xi. 5]; viii. 
408 [xv. 4]; x. 239 [xi. 3].) ; 

Ant. viii. 114 (iv. 3) And beside these things, I (Solomon) beseech 
thee that a share of thy Spirit may take up its abode in this temple, 
that thou mayest seem to be with us upon earth.! 


II. PALESTINIAN 
Strach, 190-170 B.C. 
39:6 If the great Lord will, he shall be filled with the spirit of 
understanding. 
_ 48:12 Elijah was wrapped in a tempest and Elisha was filled with 
his spirit. 
48:24 He saw by an excellent spirit what should come to pass 
at the last. ; 
Judith, ca. 150 B.C. 
16:14 Let all thy creatures serve thee: for thou shakest and they 
were made, thou didst send forth thy spirit, and it builded them. 


Susanna, Early in First Century B.C. 

42 (45) Therefore when she was led away to be put to death, 
God raised up the holy spirit of a young youth (sic in R.V.) whose name 
was Daniel. 

I Enoch (Part II, Similitudes), 94-64 B.C. 

39:12 Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of Spirits. He filleth the earth 
- with spirits. 

67:9, 10 Before the Lord of Spirits none shall utter an idle word. 
10 For the judgment shall come upon them, because they believe in 
the lust of the body and deny the spirit of the Lord. 

Jubilees, 1385-105 B.C. 

1:20 Let thy mercy, O Lord, be lifted up upon thy people, and 
create in them an upright spirit. 

1:21 Create in them a clean heart and a holy spirit. 

5:8 My spirit shall not always abide on man. 

1 Burton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh, p. 166. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BasAL ELEMENTS 81 


10:3 God of the spirits of all flesh... .. 
Let thy grace be lifted up upon thy sons, 
And let not wicked spirits rule over them. 
12:3 For there is no spirit in them (ie., idols). _ 
15:32 But over Israel he did not appoint any angel or spirit, for 
he alone is their ruler. 
23:31 Their bones shall rest in the earth and their spirits shall 
have much joy. 
25:7 For this reason I guarded myself in my spirit against sinning 
or being corrupted in all my ways throughout all the days of my life. 
25:14 And at that hour, when the spirit of righteousness descended 
into her (Rebecca’s) mouth, she placed both her hands on the head of 
Jacob, and said..... 
31:12 And the spirit of prophecy came down into his mouth 
(Isaac’s). 
40:5 Weshall not find such a wise and discreet man as this man 
(Joseph), for the spirit of the Lord is with him. 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Sim. 4:4 Now Joseph was a good man and had the spirit of God 
within him. 

Levi 2:3 The spirit of understanding of the Lord came upon me, 
and I saw all men corrupting their way. 

Levi 18:7 The spirit of understanding and sanctification shall 
rest upon him. 

Levi 18:11 And he shall give to the saints to eat from the tree 
of life, and the spirit of holiness shall be on them. 

Jud. 20:5 The spirit of truth testifieth all things, and accuseth all. 

Jud. 24:2,3 And the heavens shall be opened unto him (i.e. 
the Messiah) to pour out the spirit, (even) the blessing of the Holy 
Father; and he shall pour out the spirit of grace upon you. 

Gad 4:7 For the spirit of hatred worketh together with Satan, 
through hastiness of spirit, in all things to men’s death; but the spirit 
of love worketh together with the law of God in long-suffering unto the 
salvation of men. 

Ben. 4:5 And him that hath the grace of a good spirit he loveth 
as his own soul. 

Ben. 8:2 He hath no defilement in his heart, because the Spirit 
of God resteth upon him. 

Appendix I:10:9 Blessed is the man who does not defile the holy 
spirit of God which hath been put and breathed into him, and blessed 
is he who returns it to its Creator as pure as it was on the day 
when he entrusted it (to him). 


82 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


17:42 For God will make him mighty by means of holy spirit 
and wise by means of counsel of understanding. 
18:8 In the spirit of wisdom and righteousness and strength. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C-70 A.D. 


2:10 And through his Messiah he shall make them know his 
holy spirit. 

7:12 And they polluted their holy spirit. 

8:20 And no man shall make abominable (with these) his holy 
spirit, according as God separated (these) from them. 


Martyrdom of Isaiah, First Century, A.D. 


1:7 As the spirit which speaks in me lives, all these commands 
and these words shall be made of none effect. 

5:14 And when Isaiah was being sawn asunder, he neither cried 
nor wept, but his lips spoke with the holy spirit until he was sawn in 
twain. 

IV Esdras, 100-135 A.D. 

14:22 If, then, I have found favor before thee, send into me the 
holy spirit, that I may write all that has happened in the world since 
the beginning, even the things which were written in thy Law, in order 
that men may be able to find the path, and that they who would live 
at the last may live. 


Pirke Aboth, ca. 200 A.D. 


3:14 Every one with whom the spirit of mankind is pleased, the 
spirit of God is pleased with him. And everyone with whom the spirit 
of mankind is not pleased, the spirit of God is not pleased with him. 


D. THe TEACHING oF JESUS 
E. Moprern LITERATURE 
Bousset, Religion, pp. 400 ff.*; Wood, Part I, chaps. iv, v; Part II, 
chaps. ti, v; Scott, Fourth Gospel, chap. ix; Gardner, chap. vii; 
Burton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh, chaps. v*, vii; Burton, Galatians, 
pp. 486-92. 
4. THE HIGHEST VALUES 


A. Tue JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:12,13 To those who received him, who believed in his name, he 
gave the privilege of becoming the children of God; 138 who were born, 
not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 83 


Jn 3:1-6 Now there was (in Jerusalem) a Pharisee whose name 
was Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews, 2 who came to Jesus at night, and 
said to him, Rabbi, we know that you have come from God as a teacher; 
for no one can do these signs which you do, unless God is with him. 
3 Jesus answered him, In very truth, I say to you, Unless a man is 
born anew, he can not see the kingdom of God. 4 Nicodemus said to 
him, How can aman be born when heisold? Can he enter a second time 
into his mother’s womb, and be born? 5 Jesus answered, In very 
truth I say to you, Unless a man is born of water and Spirit, he can 
not enter the kingdom of God. 6 That which is born of the flesh is 
flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. 

Jn 3:16, 17 For God so loved the world that he gave his only 
Son, that every one that believes in him may not perish, but have 
eternal life. 17 For God sent the Son into the world not to judge the 
world, but that the world might be saved through him. 

Jn 3:36 He that believes in the Son has eternal life; he who 
disobeys the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God rests upon 
him. 

Jn 4:14 Whoever drinks of the water that I shall give him will 
never thirst; but the water that I shall give him will become in him a 
well of water, springing up to eternal life. 

Jn 4:34 My food is to do the will of him that sent me, aad to accom- 
plish his work. 

Jn 6:40 For this is the will of my Father, that every one that sees 
the Son, and believes in him, shall have eternal life; and I will raise 
him up at the last day. 

Jn 6:63 It is the Spirit that gives life; the flesh is of no profit; 
the words that I have spoken to you, they are spirit and they are life. 

Jn 10:10 I have come that they may have life and may have it 
abundantly. 

Jn 12:24, 25 Unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, 
it remains a single grain; but if it dies, it produces many more. 25 
He that loves his life loses it, and he that hates his hfe in this world will 
keep it to eternal life. 

Jn 17:3 And this is the life that is eternal, to know thee, the only 
true God, and him whom thou didst send, Jesus Christ. 

Jn 20:31 But these things are written that you may believe that 
Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have 
life in his name. 

B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 2:23-28 Now he was going on the Sabbath through the grain 
fields; and his disciples began as they went to pluck the heads of grain. 


84 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


24 And the Pharisees said to him, See here, why are they doing on the 
Sabbath what is not permitted? 25 And he said to them, Did you 
never read what David did when he was in need, and he and his com- 
panions were hungry, 26 how he went into the house of God in the 
high priesthood of Abiathar,! and ate the ‘‘loaves of presentation,”’ 
which no one except priests is allowed to eat, and gave also to his com- 
panions? 27 And he said to them, The Sabbath was made for man, 
and not man for the Sabbath. 28 So that the Son of man is lord even 
of the Sabbath? [81. Mt 12:1-8; Lk 6:1-5]. 

Mk 3:1, 4,5 And he entered again into the synagogue; and there 
was a man there who had his hand withered’. .... 4 And he said to 
them, Is it permissible on the Sabbath day to do good or to do evil, to 
save life or to kill? And they said nothing. 5 And he looked around 
at them with anger, and with grief at the hardening of their hearts.‘ 
And he said to the man, Stretch out your hand. And he stretched it 
out, and it was restored [82. Mt 12:9-14; Lk 6:6-11]. 

Mk 8:34-87 And he called to him the multitude with his disciples, 
and said to them, If any would come after me, let him deny himself, 
and take up his cross, and follow me. 385 For whoever chooses to 
save his life will lose it; and whoever loses his life for my sake and the 
gospel’s® will save it. 36 For what profit is it to a man to gain the 
whole world, and forfeit his life? 37 For what can a man give to buy 
back his life [87. Mt 16:24-26; Lk 9:23-25]? 

Mk 10:17-80 And as he was starting out on a journey, a man ran 
to him and, kneeling down, asked him, Good Teacher, what shall I do 
that I may obtain eternal life? 18 And Jesus said to him, Why do 
you call me good? no one is good except one, even God. 19 You 
know the commandments, Do not kill, Do not commit adultery, Do not 


1 Matthew and Luke omit: ‘‘in the high priesthood of Abiathar.” 

In place of vss. 27, 28, Mt 12:5-8 reads: ‘‘Or have ye not read that on the Sab- 
bath the priests in the temple break the Sabbath and are guiltless? 6 And I say to 
you that there is something greater than the temple here. 7 And if you had perceived 
the meaning of the saying, I will have mercy and not sacrifice, you would not have 
condemned the guiltless. 8 For the Son of man is lord of the Sabbath.” 


2Lk 6:5 omits: “‘The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath. 
So that.” 


8 Mt 9:11, 12 add: ‘‘And he said to them, what man of you who has a single 
sheep will not, if it falls into a pit on the Sabbath day, take hold and lift it out? 12 And 
how much more valuable a man is than a sheep!” 


4 Mt 12:12 omits: “or todoevil .... of their hearts.” Lk 6:10 omits: “with 
anger, and with grief at the hardening of their hearts.” 


5 Lk 9:23 adds: “daily.” 
6 Mt 16:25 and Lk 9:24 omit: ‘‘and the gospel’s.” 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BasAL ELEMENTS 85 


steal, Do not bear false witness, Do not defraud,! Honor your father 
and mother.2 20 And he said to him, Teacher, all these things I have 
observed from my youth. 21 And Jesus, looking upon him, loved him, 
and said to him, One thing you lack: go, sell all you have and give to 
the poor; and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me. 
22 But the saying made him sad, and he went away sorrowful: for he 
was one that had great possessions. 

23 And Jesus looked around, and said to his disciples, How hard 
it will be for those that have riches to enter the kingdom of God! 24 
And the disciples were astonished at his words. But Jesus said to them 
again, Children, how hard it is‘ to enter the kingdom of God!8 25 It 
is easier for a camel to go through a needle’s eye, than for a rich man to 
enter the kingdom of God. 26 And they were exceedingly astonished, 
and said to him, Then who can be saved? 27 Jesus looking at them, 
said, With men it is impossible, but not with God: for all things are 
possible with God. 28 Peter began to say to him, Well, we have left 
all, and have followed you. 29 Jesus said, Of a truth I tell you, There 
is no man that has left house, or brothers, or sisters, or mother, or 
father, or children, or lands, for my sake, and for the gospel’s sake,® 
30 but he shall receive a hundredfold now in this time,’ houses, and 
brothers, and sisters, and mothers, and children, and lands, with 
persecutions; and in the age to come eternal life [137. Mt 19:16-29; 
Lk 18:18-30]. 

Mk 10:42-45 And Jesus called them to him, and said to them, 
You know that those that are esteemed as rulers of the Gentiles lord it 
over them; and the great ones among them exercise authority over 
them. 43 But it is not so among you: but whoever wishes to become 
great among you, will have to be your servant; 44 and whoever wishes 
to be first among you, will have to be servant of all. 45 For the Son 
of man also came not to be served, but to serve, and to give his life a 
ransom for many [140. Mt 20:25-28; ef. Lk 22:25-27 (173)]. 


1 Mt 19:18 omits: ‘“*Do not defraud.” 

2Mt 19:19 adds: ‘*You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” 

’Mt 19:21 reads: ‘‘If you would be perfect.” 

4 Many ancient authorities and R.V. insert: ‘for those that trust in riches.” 


5 Mt 19:23 and Lk 18:24 omit vs. 24. 


6 Mt 19:29 omits: “and for the gospel’s sake”; Lk 18:29 reads: ‘“‘for the kingdom 
of God’s sake.” 


7 Mt 19:29 and Lk 18:30 omit: ‘‘houses, and brothers, and sisters, and mothers, 
and children, and lands, with persecutions.’”’ For “in the age to come’ Matthew 
reads: ‘shall inherit.” 


86 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mt 5:3-12 Blessed are the poor 
in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom 
of heaven. 4 Blessed are those 
that mourn: for they shall be 
comforted. 5 Blessed are the 
meek: for they shall inherit the 
earth. 6 Blessed are those that 
hunger and thirst for righteous- 
ness: for they shall be filled. 
7 Blessed are the merciful: for 
they shall obtain mercy. 8 Blessed 
are the pure in heart: for they 
shall see God. 9 Blessed are the 
peacemakers: for they shall be 
called sons of God. 10 Blessed 
are those that have been perse- 
euted for righteousness’ sake: 
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 
11. Blessed are you when men 
shall reproach you, and persecute 
you, and say all kinds of evil 
against you falsely, for my sake. 
12 Rejoice, and be very glad: 
for your reward is great in heaven: 
for so they persecuted the prophets 
who were before you [35. M]. 


Lk 6:20-26 Blessed are you poor: 
for yours is the kingdom of God. 
21 Blessed are you that are 
hungry now: for you shall be 


filled. Blessed are you that weep 


now: for you shall laugh. 22 
Blessed are you when men shall 
hate you, and when they shall 
separate you from their com- 
pany, and reproach you, and cast 
out your name as evil, for the 
Son of man’s sake. 23 Rejoice 
in that day, and leap for joy: 
for your reward is great in heaven; 
for this is the way their fathers 
treated the prophets. 


24 But woe to you that are rich! 
for you have received your con- 
solation. 25 Woe to you that 
are full now! for you shall hunger. 
Woe to you that laugh now! for 
you shall mourn and weep. 26 
Woe to you, when all men speak 
well of you! for this is the way 
their fathers treated the false 
prophets [85.'G]. 


Lk 12:4-7 Be not afraid of them that kill the body and after that 


can do no more. 


fear. 


5 But I warn you whom to fear, Fear him who after 
he has killed has power to cast into Gehenna. 
6 Are not five sparrows sold for a fifth of adrachma? Yet not 


He is the One you should 


one of them is forgotten by God. 7 But even the hairs of your head 


are all numbered. Fear no more. 


You are worth much more than 


many sparrows [111. P; Mt 10:28-81 (73)]. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 87 


Lk 12:22-34 And he said to his disciples, Therefore I say to you, 
Cease to be anxious for your life, what you shall eat, and for your body, 
what you shall wear. 23 For the life is more than the food, and the 
body than the clothing. 24 Consider the ravens: they neither sow 
nor reap; they have neither treasure-room nor storehouse, and God 
feeds them. How much more valuable you are than the birds! 25 
And who of you by being anxious can make himself a cubit taller? 
26 If then you can not do a very little thing, why are you anxious 
about the rest? 27 Consider how the lilies grow. They neither toil 
nor spin. But I tell you that not even Solomon in all his splendor 
was clothed like one of these. 28 But if God clothes in this way the 
grass that today is growing in the field and tomorrow is burned up for 
fuel, how much more certainly will he clothe you, you people of little 
faith! 29 Be no longer concerned about what you shall eat and what 
you shall drink, and be not tossed about with cares, 30 for the nations 
of the world concern themselves with all these things, but your Father 
knows that you need them. 31 Make his kingdom the object of your 
endeavor and these things will be given to you besides.! 32 Fear no 
more, little flock, for your Father has been pleased to give you the king- 
dom. 33 Sell your possessions and give to the poor. Make for your- 
selves purses that will not grow old, an inexhaustible treasure in heaven, 
where no thief approaches, and no moth destroys. 34 For where your 
treasure is there your heart will be also? [113. P; Mt 6:19-21, 25-34 
(39)]. 


Lk 10:25-37 And a lawyer stood up and put him to the test, say- 
ing, Teacher, what shall I do to obtain eternal life? 26 And he said 
to him, What is written in the law? what do you read there? 27 And 
he answered, You shall love the Lord your God with your whole heart, 
and with your whole soul, and with your whole strength, and with your 
whole mind; and your neighbor as yourself. 28 And he said to him, 
You have answered right. Do this, and you will live. 29 But he, 
wishing to defend himself, said to Jesus, And who is my neighbor? 
30 Jesus said, A certain man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, 
and fell among robbers, who stripped him, and beat him, and went 
away, leaving him half dead. 31 And by chance a certain priest 
was going down that way: and when he saw him, he passed by on 
the other side. And so also a Levite, when he came to the place 

1 Mt 6:33 reads: ‘‘But make his kingdom and his righteousness the first object of 
your endeavor; and all these things will be given to you besides.”’ 


2 Mt 6:19-21 reads: ‘‘Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where 
moth and rust destroy and thieves break in and steal, 20 but lay up treasures in heaven, 
where neither moth nor rust destroy nor thieves break in and steal. 21 For where 
your treasure is there your heart will be also.” 


88 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


where he lay, and saw him, passed by on the other side. 33 But a 
certain Samaritan, on his journey, came where he was; and when he 
saw him, he was moved with pity, 34 and came to him, and bound 
up his wounds, pouring on them oil and wine; and he put him on his 
own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. 35 And 
the next day he took out two denarii, and gave them to the inn-keeper 
and said, Take care of him; and whatever other expense you incur, 
when I come back again, I will pay you. 386 Which of these three, 
do you think, was a neighbor to him that fell among the robbers? 37 
And he said, He that showed mercy on him. And Jesus said to him, 
Go, and do likewise [103. P; cf. Mk 12:28-34 under 2, B, p. 48]. 

Lk 10:38-42. (See under 1, B, V, p. 37.) 

Lk 12:13-21 And one of the multitude said to him, Teacher, 
Tell my brother to divide the inheritance with me. 14 And he said 
to him, Man, who appointed me to be judge or arbitrator over you? 
15 And he said to them, Take heed and beware of covetousness in all 
its forms, because a man does not achieve life from his possessions by 
having an abundance of them. 16 And he spoke a parable to them, 
saying, The farm of a certain rich man yielded a large crop. 17 And 
he reasoned with himself saying, What shall I do, because I have not 
storage room for the products of my farm? 18 And he said, This I 
will do: I will pull down my storehouses and will build larger ones, 
and in them I will store all my grain, and my goods. 19 And I will 
say to my soul, Soul, you have ample possessions laid up for many years. 
Take your ease, eat, drink, be merry. 20 And God said to him, Fool! 
This night you will be called upon to give up your life. And the things 
that you have amassed—to whom will they go? 21 So is he that lays 
up treasure for himself and is not rich toward God [112. P]. 


Mt 5:20 Unless your righteousness is greater than that of the 
scribes and Pharisees, you will by no means enter the kingdom of heaven 
[36. M]. 

Mt 6:19-21 Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where 
moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal; 20 but lay 
up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust 
destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal. 21 For where 
your treasure is there also your heart will be [89. M or P+Mz?; cf. 
Lk 12:33, 34 (118. P)]. 

Mt 7:13, 14 Enter in by the narrow gate: for wide is the gate, 
and broad the way, that leads to destruction, and there are many that 
take it. 14 Narrow is the gate, and narrow the way, that leads to 
life, and there are few that find it [48. M (?); Lk 13:24. (121) P]. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 89 


C. Tue Views or JeEwisH WRITERS 


I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Letter of Aristeas, after 130 B.C. 


195 The highest good in life is to know that God is Lord of 
the universe, and that in our finest achievements it is not we who attain 
success, but God, who by his power brings all things to fulfillment and 
leads us to the goal. 

IT Enoch, 1-60 A.D. 


43:3 There is none better than he who fears God, he shall be more 
glorious in time to come. 

50:5 Whoever of you spends gold or silver for his brother’s sake, 
he will receive ample treasure in the world to come. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 


Plot. 17 (1:256) I consider that happiness is the employment of 
perfect virtue in a perfect life. 

Cherub. 31 (1:201) The purified intellect rejoices in nothing more 
than in confessing that it has for its master him who is the Lord of 
all; for to be the servant of God is the greatest boast, and is more honor- 
able, not only than freedom, but even than riches or dominion, or than 
anything which the race of mankind is eager for. 

Posterity of Cain 39 (1:316) (The nature of virtue is unmixed and 
free from guile, and unpolluted, and the only thing in all creation 
which is both beautiful and good; from which arose the Stoic doctrine, 
that the only thing that was beautiful was the good. 

Giants 11 (1:338) The expression, ‘I am the Lord,’”’ must be 
listened to... . as if it were equivalent to “I am the perfect and 
incorruptible and true good.” 


II. PALESTINIAN 


(See Mk 10:17; Lk 10:25; 12:18, 18 above, and Mk 10:35-37, 
under 6 below, p. 117.) 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Iss. 4:3 He does not desire to live long life, he only waits for the 
will of God. 
Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


3:16 They that fear the Lord shall rise to life eternal, and their 
life shall be in the light of the Lord, and shall come to an end no more. 

9:9 He that does righteousness lays up life for himself with the 
Lord. And he that does wrongly forfeits his life to destruction. 


90 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C—70 A.D. 


5:6 They who hold fast to him are for the life of eternity, and all 
the glory of man is for them. 


Pirke Aboth, ca. 200 A.D. 


2:9 If you have practised much Torah, do not take credit to 
yourself, for thereunto were you created. 

2:20 If you have learned much Torah they will give you much 
hire; and the master of your work is faithful who will pay you the 
reward of your labor; and know that the giving of the reward of the 
righteous is for the time to come. 

3:3 When two sit and there are between them words of Torah, 
the Shekinah rests between them. 

4:17 There are three crowns; the crown of Torah, the crown of 
priesthood, and the crown of royalty; but the crown of a good name 
mounts above them. 

4:21 This world is like a porch before the world to come. Make 
yourself ready in the porch, that you may enter the banqueting-hall. 

6:1 Everyone who is occupied with the Torah for its own sake 
is worthy to have many things; and not only so, but the whole world, 
all of it, is his equivalent. 

6:4 Labor in the Torah. If you do thus, you shall be happy and 
it shall be well with you; “happy” in this world, and “well with you” 
in the world to come. 

6:6 Greater is Torah than priesthood and than sovereignty. 

6:7 Great is Torah; for it gives to those who practice it life in 
this world and in the world to come. 

6:11 Five possessions has the Holy One, blessed be he, acquired 
in his world, and these are they: Torah is one possession; heaven and 
earth are one possession; Abraham is one possession; Israel is one 
possession; the house of the sanctuary is one possession. 


D. Tue TEACHING oF JESUS 


E. Mopiern LITERATURE 
Stevens, Teaching, chap. ix; Gilbert, pp. 154-67. 


5. RIGHTEOUSNESS AND SIN 
DEFINITION OF TERMS 


1. Righteousness, righteous——These words as used in the New 
Testament, are ‘‘moral-forensic” terms: i.e., they imply a moral 
standard and refer to persons or conduct that conform to that standard. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BasAau ELEMENTS 91 


The standard is conceived of as set by God in his character or by his will, 
and righteousness is that conduct, character, or attitude which wins 
his approval. Of the two elements of the idea, the ethical and the 
forensic, the Jews of Jesus’ day tended to emphasize the forensic, 
and to find the standard in the statutes of the law. Jesus laid less 
stress on the forensic, but differed from the current Pharisaic view 
especially in that he found the standard of righteousness not in stat- 
utes but in a right attitude of heart toward God and men, which 
he summed up in the word ‘“‘love.’’ Paul, while usually led by the 
controversies in which he was engaged to employ the term forensic- 
ally, yet found the basis of acceptance with God not in obedience to 
statutes, but, as Jesus did, in an attitude of mind and heart, in this 
connection, however, emphasizing faith even more than love. 

(For a full discussion of New Testament usage, with citation of 
literature, see Burton, Galatians, pp. 460 ff.) 

2. Sin.—The New Testament uses a number of different words to 
denote the kind of conduct which is disapproved. Some of them 
describe a particular kind of wrong-doing, as murder, theft. Others 
refer to wrong-doing in general without reference to a specific kind of 
wrong-doing. Among these are such words as “transgression,” 
“‘offence,”’ ‘‘sin.”’ Of them all the most frequent and general term 
is “‘sin.”’ 

Etymologically this word means a missing of the mark, and though 
it is never used in this physical sense in the New Testament, it retains 
its original meaning to this extent that it always signifies conduct and 
character that do not conform to the standard, viz., that set by God. 
(Cf. English ‘‘wrong” =wrung, twisted.) 

Thus both etymologically and by usage ‘‘sin”’ is the direct antithesis 
of “‘righteousness,”’ the former denoting that which does not, the 
latter that which does, conform to the standard. 

Though the distinction is only formal, it is important to observe 
that the word “sin” is used in two different ways, viz: 

a) The committing of sin: the doing of that which is not in accord- 
ance with the will of God, or not doing that which is so. Rom 6:1, 
“Shall we continue in sin?’ i.e., in the committing of sin. Jn 8:21, 
“Ye shall die in your sin.”’ 

In this sense it is frequently personified, being spoken of as one 
would speak of a demon or Satan. Rom 5:12, “Through one man 
sin entered the world.’”? The word is never used in this way in the 
Synoptic Gospels. 

b) Sin committed: the deed as distinguished from the doing of it. 
In this sense it may be used generically, specifically, or collectively. 
Mt 1:21, ‘‘He will save his people from their sins” (generic); Mt 12:31, 


92 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


“Men will be forgiven every sin and blasphemy, but the blasphemy 
against the Spirit will not be forgiven”; Jn 1:29, “Behold the Lamb of 
God that takes away the sin of the world” (collective). 

As respects the kind of actions which were regarded as sin, men of 
course differed in their opinion according to their ethical standard and 
definition of righteousness. Pharisaism tended to emphasize the 
external in its definition both of righteousness and sin, regarding as 
sinful the outward act which violated a specific statute. Jesus, while 
emphasizing the essential importance of the moral attitude, and finding 
his standard of right and wrong not in the statutes of the law but in a 
more ultimate criterion, consisting not in rules but a fundamental prin- 
ciple, yet included both the internal attitude and the external deed in the 
category of sin. 

We may roughly classify the acts and dispositions which he reproved 
and evidently included under the term sin as (a) sins of the flesh and the 
sensual mind: fornication, adultery, encouragement of sensual thought; 
(6) sins of conduct or attitude toward other men: theft, covetousness, 
hatred, unwillingness to forgive; inclusively, disregard of their well- 
being, concern for one’s self rather than for others, putting self-interest 
above community interest; (c) attitude toward truth: refusal to accept 
truth when it is presented, captious demand for evidence, hypocrisy 
and profession without deeds; (d) attitude toward God: ingratitude, 
unwillingness to trust him. (See more fully in Burton, op. cit., pp. 
436 ff., especially 440 f. from which the foregoing is in part quoted.) 


A. Tur JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Sk ot ae 

Jn 1:29 The next day John saw Jesus coming to him and said, 
See, this is the Lamb of God, that takes away the sin of the world. 

Jn 3:19, 20 This is the basis of the judgment, that the light has 
come into the world, and men loved the darkness rather than the light; 
for their deeds were wicked. 20 For every one whose practices are 
evil hates the light, and does not come to the light, lest the wickedness 
of his deeds should be exposed. 

Jn 8:24 I said therefore to you, that you would die in your sins; 
for unless you believe that I am [what I have said I am] you will die 
in your sins. 

Jn 8:34 Every one that commits sin is a slave [of sin]. 

Jn 8:44-47 You are of your father, the devil, and the desires of 
your father you will todo. He was a murderer from the beginning, and 
he is not in the truth because the truth is not in him. When he speaks 
that which is false, he speaks out of what belongs to him, because he 
is a liar and the father of the false. 45 And it is because I speak in truth, 
that you do not believe me. 46 Who of you can convict me of sin? 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 93 


If I say what is true, why do you not believe me? 47 He that is from 
God [whose character and attitude come from God] hears the words 
of God. The reason that you do not hear them is that you are not 
from God. 

Jn 9:1-3, 16, 39-41 And ashe was passing along, he saw a man who 
had been blind from birth. 2 And his disciples asked him saying, 
Rabbi, to whose sin is this man’s blindness due, his own or that of his 
parents? 3 Jesus answered, Neither to his nor to his parents’. He is 
blind, that in him the works of God may be manifested. .... 16 
Some, therefore, of the Pharisees said, This man is not from God because 
he does not keep the Sabbath. Others said, How can a sinful man do 
these signs? And there was a division among them..... 39 And 
Jesus said, For judgment I came into this world, that the blind might 
see and that those that see might become blind. 40 Those of the 
Pharisees who were with him heard these things and they said to 
him, You do not mean to say that we also are blind! 41 Jesus said to 
them, If you were blind, you would have no sin; but because you say, 
We see, your sin remains. 

Jn 15:22-24 If I had not come and spoken to them, they would 
have had no sin; but they now have no excuse for their sin. 23 He 
that hates me hates my Father also. 24 If I had not done among them 
the works which no other man ever did, they would have had no sin; 
but now they have both seen and hated both me and my Father. 

Jn 16:8-11 And when the Helper has come he will convict the 
world in reference to sin, and righteousness, and judgment: 9 in refer- 
ence to sin, because they do not believe in me; 10 in reference to 
righteousness, because I go to the Father, and you will see me no 
more; 11 in reference to judgment because the prince of this world has 
been judged. 

Jn 19:11 Jesus answered him, You would have no power against 
me, if it had not been given you from above; therefore he that delivered 
me to you is more responsible than you are. 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


In the study of this subject the student is advised to begin by 
reading, in the New Testament or the Harmony, a few long passages 
from the gospels which will give a general view of the synoptic teaching 
as a whole. For this purpose the following passages are suggested: 
Mt 5 [86, 37; cf. Lk 6:20-36]; Mt 6:1-18 [88]; Mt 7:1-27 [40, 41, 43; 
ef. Lk 6:37-49]; Mt 23 [156-58; cf. Lk 11, 18 passim]; Mk 2:13— 
3:6 [29-32]; Mk 7:1-23 [80]; Lk 12:54—13:9 [117, 118]. 

The following passages, in part repeating those cited above, may 
then be studied in detail. The purpose at this point should be not to 


94 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


discover what things in particular the gospels report Jesus to have 
approved or disapproved, but whether they ascribe to him a unifying 
idea of sin and of righteousness, and if so what this in each case was. 


Mk 2:17 And when Jesus heard it, he said, It is not the strong 
that need a physician, but the sick. J came not to call righteous men, 
but sinners! (29. Mt 9:13; Lk 5:32]. 

Mk 3:28, 29 Of a truth I tell you that men shall be forgiven all 
their sins and the blasphemies with which they blaspheme. 29 But 
whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit will never be forgiven, but 
is guilty of an eternal sin [50. Mt 12:31, 32; Lk 12:10 (111)]. 

Mk 8:31-85 And his mother and his brothers came, and standing 
outside sent and called him. 32 And there sat around him a multitude 
and they said to him, See, your mother and your brothers are outside 
asking for you. 33 And he answered them, Who is my mother and 
my brothers? 34 And looking at the people who were sitting around 
him he said, See, there are my mother and my brothers. 35 Whoever 
shall do the will of God,? he is my brother and sister and mother [51. 
Mt 12:46-50; Lk 8:19-21]. 

Mk 7:1-23 And there gathered about him the Pharisees and some 
of the scribes who had come from Jerusalem, 2 and had seen that some 
of his disciples were eating without first having washed their hands. 
3 (For the Pharisees and the Jews generally do not eat without having 
first punctiliously washed their hands, observing in this the tradition 
of the elders,? 4 and when they come from the market they do not eat 
without having first undergone a ceremonial purification,‘ and there are 
many other things which they have received and hold, such as dipping 
of cups and pots and brazen vessels® into water.*) 5 And the Pharisees 
and the scribes asked him, Why do your disciples disregard the tradi- 
tions of the elders and eat without having first washed their hands? 
6 And he said to them, Well did Isaiah describe you, in the words that 
are written in his prophecy, “This people honor me with their lips, 
but their heart is far from me. 7 But there is no worship of me in their 
teaching what are but commandments of men.’”’ 8 You have left the 
commandment of God and observe the tradition of men? 9 And he 


1Lk 5:32 adds: ‘‘to repentance.” 
2Mt 12:50 reads: ‘the will of my Father who is in heaven.” 
| 3T.e., the teaching handed down from the teachers of former times. 


4 Most ancient authorities read: ‘‘ without having bathed’’; but some of the most 
ancient read: ‘‘ without having been sprinkled.” 


5 Some ancient authorities add: ‘‘and cots.” 
6 Mt 15:1 omits the words in parentheses. 
7 Mt 15 does not contain vs. 8. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BasaL ELEMENTS 95 


said to them, Very effectively do you reject the commandment of God 
to keep your own tradition. 10 For Moses said, ‘Honor your father 
and mother,”’ and “ He that speaks evil of father or mother shall surely 
be put to death.”” 11 But you say, If a man shall say to his father or 
his mother, “Corban,” in other words ‘“‘Whatever of mine might yield 
you an income is dedicated,’’ 12 he must not do anything for his father 
or mother, 18 thus annulling the word of God by your tradition which 
you have handed down. And many things like this you do. 

14 And calling the people to him again he said to them, Listen to 
me, all of you, and understand. 15 There is nothing which entering a 
man can defile him. It is the things that go forth from the man that 
defile the man. 17 And when he had left the crowd and come into the 
house, his disciples asked him to explain his aphorism. 18 And he 
said to them, Are you also so dull? Do you not see that nothing that 
enters the man can defile him, 19 because it does not go into his heart, 
but into his belly, and is discharged into the sink. (By this saying he 
made all foods clean.)! 20 And he said, It is that which goes out from 
a man that defiles him. 21 For from within, out of the heart of men, 
the evil thoughts come, fornications, thefts, murders, adulteries, 22 covet- 
ousness,? malice? and deceit,2 wantonness,? envy,? slander, pride,? 
folly.2. 23 All these things, which are evil, come from within, and defile 
the man? [80. Mt 15:1-11, 15-20]. 

Mk 12:38-40 Beware of the scribes, who like to walk about in 
long robes, to be saluted in the market-places, 39 and to occupy the 
front seats in the synagogues and the best places at banquets, 40 who 
consume widows’ houses and for a cloak [of their iniquity] offer long: 
prayers [156. Mt 23:6, 7; Lk 20:46, 47]. 


Mt 5:42-48 Give to the man that 
asks you for anything, and do 
not turn away from the man who 
wishes to borrow of you. 43 You 
have heard that it was said, 
Love your neighbor, and hate 
your enemy; 44 but I say to you, 
Love your enemies, and pray for 
them that persecute you; 45 that 


Lk 6:30-86 Give to everyone 
that asks you for anything, and 
from him that takes away your 
property ask it not back. 381 And 
as you wish that men should do 
to you, do likewise to them. 32 
And if you love those that love 
you, what credit is that to you? 
for even the sinners love those 


1 Mt 15:17 omits the words in parentheses. 
2 Mt 15:19 omits these words, but adds: ‘‘false witness.” 
3 Mt 15:20 adds: ‘‘but to eat without having washed one’s hands does not defile 


the man.” 


96 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


you may be sons of your Father 
who is in heaven; because he 
makes his sun rise on wicked and 
good, and the rain fall on righteous 
and unrighteous. 46 For if you 
love those that love you, what 
reward have you? do not even 
the tax-collectors do the same? 
47 And if you salute your brother 
only, what are you doing that 
others do not do? do not even the 
Gentiles do that? 48 You shall 
therefore be perfect, as your 
heavenly Father is perfect [87. 
M or G]. 


Mt 7:12 Whatever therefore you 
wish that men should do to you, 
even so do also to them. For 
this is the law and the prophets 
(42. M]. 


Mt 7:16-21 By their fruits you 
will know them. Do men gather 
grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles ? 
17 Even so every good tree bears 
good fruit; but the corrupt tree 
bears bad fruit. 18 A good tree 
can not bear bad fruit, neither can 
a corrupt tree bear good fruit. 
19 Every tree that does not 
bear good fruit is cut down, and 
thrown into the fire. 20 There- 
fore by their fruits you will know 
them. 21 Not every one that 
says to me, Lord, Lord, will enter 
the kingdom of heaven; but he 
that does the will of my Father 
who is in heaven! [43. M or G]. 


that love them. 33 And if you 
do good to those that do good to 
you, what credit is that to you? 
for even the sinners do that. 34 
And if you lend to those from whom 
you expect the return of the 
loan, what credit is that to you? 
for sinners also lend to sinners, 
that they may receive back as 
much as they lend. 35 But do 
you love your enemies, and do 
good and lend, expecting nothing 
in return, and your reward will 
be great, and you will be sons of 
the Highest, because he is kind 
to the unthankful and to the 
wicked. 36 Be merciful as your 
Father is merciful [387. G]. 


Lk 6:31 And as you wish that 
men should do to you, do likewise 
to them [87. G]. 


Lk 6:48-46 For there is no good 
tree that bears corrupt fruit, nor 
a corrupt tree that bears good 
fruit. 44 For every tree is known 
by its fruit. For men do not 
gather figs from thorns, nor do 
they gather grapes from a bramble 
bush. 45 The good man out of 
the good treasure of his heart 
brings forth that which is good, 
and the evil man out of the evil 
treasure brings forth that which 
is evil. For out of the abundance 
of the heart the mouth speaks. 
46 Why do you call me, Lord, 
Lord, and do not do the things 
that I say [43. G]? 


1Cf. Mt 5:21, p. 44, and Mk 8:31, p. 94. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 97 


Mt 7:24-27 Every one therefore who hears these words of mine, 
and obeys them, is like a wise man, who built his house upon the rock:! 
25 and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, 
and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon the 
rock. 26 And every one that hears these words of mine, and does not 
obey them, is like a foolish man, who built his house upon the sand:? 
27 and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, 
and smote upon the house; and it fell; and great was the fall of it 
[43. M or G; parallel in Lk 6: 47-49]. 

Lk 11:39, 40, 42 Now you Pharisees cleanse the outside of the 
cup and of the platter, but within you are full of extortion and wicked- 
ness. 40 Fools! did not he that made the outside make the inside also? 
.... 42 But woe to you Pharisees, because you pay tithes of the 
mint and the rue and every herb, but you neglect justice and the love 
of God. But these latter you ought to have done, without leaving 
the other done [109. P; Mt 23:23, 25, 26 (157)]. 

Lk 11:46, 52 Woe to you lawyers also! for you load men with 
burdens that are hard to bear, and you yourselves do not touch them 
with one of your fingers. .... 52 Woe to you lawyers! for you took 
away the key of knowledge: you did not enter yourselves and those 
that were on the way in you prevented from entering [110. P; Mt 23:4 
(156), 13 (157)]. 


Lk 10:25-37 [103. P]. (See under 4, B, p. 87.) 

Lk 12:54—13:9 [117, 118. P]. (See under 9, 1, B, pp. 149, 151.) 

Lk 18:9-14 [134. P]. (See under 9, 1, B, p. 151.) 

Lk 19:2, 8, 9 There was a man named Zaccheus, who was a 
chief tax-collector, and was rich..... 8 And Zaccheus stood and 
said to the Lord, See, Lord, I shall give half of my goods to the poor, 
and if I have extorted money from any one I shall pay him back four 
times as much. 9 And Jesus said to him, Today salvation has come 
to this house, for as much as you yourself are? a son of Abraham [142. P]. 


Mt 3:15 But Jesus answered him, Permit it now; for thus it 
becomes us fully to perform every requirement of righteousness. (See 
3:13-17 under 6, B, p. 114 [18. M,.or M?, added to Mk].) 

Mt 5:6 Blessed are those that hunger and thirst for righteousness; 
for they shall be filled* [35. M]. 


1 Lk 6:48 reads: ‘‘who digged and went deep and laid a foundation on the rock.”’ 
2Lk 6:49 reads: ‘‘who built his house upon the earth without a foundation.” 

3 Most authorities read: ‘‘he himself is.” 

4Lk 6:21: “Blessed are you that hunger now; for you shall be filled” [35. G]. 


98 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mt5:10 Blessed are those that have been persecuted for righteous- 
ness; for theirs is the kingdom of heaven [35. M]. 

Mt 5:17-20 Do not suppose that I came to destroy the law or 
the prophets: I came not to destroy, but to fulfill. 18 For of a truth 
I tell you that until the heaven and the earth pass away, not the smallest 
letter or fraction of a letter shall be dropped from the law, till all has 
been done. 19 Whoever therefore shall break one of these least com- 
mandments, and shall teach men to do so, will be regarded as least in 
the kingdom of heaven: but whoever shall observe them and shall 
teach others to do so, will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. 
20 For I say to you, that unless your righteousness is greater than that 
of the scribes and Pharisees, you will by no means enter the kingdom 
of heaven [36. M; cf. vss. 21-48, especially 23, 24 below, and 44-48 
above]. 

Mt 5:23, 24 If therefore you are offering your gift upon the altar, 
and while doing so remember that you have wronged your brother 
24 leave there your gift before the altar. Go first and be reconciled 
to your brother, and then come back and go on with the offering of 
your gift [37. M]. 

Mt 6:1-6, 16-18 Beware of doing your righteous deeds before 
men to be seen by them; for if you do, you will have no reward with 
your Father who is in heaven. 2 When therefore you give alms, do not 
blow a trumpet before you, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues 
and in the streets that they may be praised by men. In very truth I 
tell you, they have received their reward. 3 But when you do alms, 
let not your left hand know what your right hand is doing, 4 that your 
alms may be in secret. And your Father, who sees what is done in 
secret, will reward you. 5 And when you pray, do not be like the 
hypocrites, because they love to pray in the synagogues and standing on 
the corners of streets, that men may see them pray. In very truth 
I tell you, they have received their reward. 6 But when you pray, 
enter your chamber, and having shut the door pray to your Father 
who is in secret, and your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will 
reward you..... 16 Moreover, when you fast, do not, like the 
hypocrites, draw a long face; for they put on an appearance of sadness, 
that men may notice that they are fasting. In very truth I tell you, 
they have received their reward. 17 But when you fast, anoint your 
head, and wash your face, 18 that your fasting may not be in the sight 
of men, but of your Father who is in secret. And your Father, who 
sees in secret, will reward you [88. M]. 

Mt 25:31-46 And when the Son of man shall come in his glory 
and all his angels with him, then will he sit upon the throne of his glory. 
32 And there will be gathered before him all the nations and he will 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 99 


separate them one from another as the shepherd separates the sheep 
from the goats. 33 And he will set the sheep on his right hand and the 
goats on the left. 34 Then will the king say to those on his right hand, 
Come you who are the blessed ones of my Father, enter upon the 
possession of the dominion prepared for you from the foundation of the 
world, 35 for I was hungry and you gave me food, and I was thirsty 
and you gave me drink, I was a stranger and you took me to your 
home. 36 I was naked and you clothed me, I was sick and you visited 
‘ me, I was in prison and you came to me. 37 Then will the righteous 
answer and say, Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or 
thirsty and give you drink? 38 When did we see you a stranger and 
took you to our home, or naked and clothed you? 39 When did we 
see you sick or in prison and come to you? 40 And the king will 
answer them, Of a truth I tell you, Inasmuch as you did these things 
to one of the least of these my brothers you did them to me. 41 Then 
will he speak also to those on the left hand, Depart from me, accursed 
ones, into the eternal fire which has been prepared for the devil and his 
angels. 42 For I was hungry and you gave me no food, I was thirsty 
and you gave me no drink, 43 I was a stranger and you did not take 
me to your home, naked and you did not clothe me, sick and in prison 
and you did not visit me. 44 Then they also will answer saying, Lord, 
when did we see you hungry or thirsty, or a stranger or naked or sick 
or in prison and did not come to your help? 45 Then he will answer 
them saying, Of a truth I tell you, Inasmuch as you did not do these 
things to one of the least of these you did not do them to me. 46 And 
those shall go away into punishment everlasting, but the righteous 
into life everlasting [168. M(?)]. 


C. Tue VIEWS OF JEWISH WRITERS 


I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Sibylline Oracles (Book III), Second Century B.C. 


3:764-66 Shun adultery and confused intercourse with males, 
765 Rear thine own offspring and slay it not. 766 For the Eternal 
will surely be wroth with him who commits these sins. 


Letter of Aristeas, after 1380 B.C. 


127 The good life consists in the keeping of the enactments of 
the law. 

131 Our lawgiver first of all laid down the principles of piety and 
righteousness and inculcated them point by point, not merely by pro- 
hibitions but by the use of examples as well, demonstrating the injurious 
effects of sin and the punishments inflicted by God upon the guilty. 


100 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


142 Lest we should be corrupted by any abomination, and our 
lives be perverted by evil communications, he hedged us around on 
all sides by rules of purity affecting alike what we eat, or drink, or touch, 
or hear, or see. 

147... . Andso naming them unclean he gave a sign by means 
of them that those for whom the legislation was ordained must practice 
righteousness in their hearts. 

168 ..... All our regulations have been drawn up with a view 
to righteousness, and that nothing has been enacted in the scripture 
thoughtlessly or without due reason; but its purpose is to enable us 
throughout our whole life and in all our actions to practice righteousness 
before all men, being mindful of Almighty God. 

169 All that is said concerning meats and unclean creeping things 
and wild animals relates to righteousness and righteous dealings between 
man and man. 

231 It is the gift of God to be able to do good actions. 

248 Our desire that our children may possess self-control is only 
realized by the power of God. ; 

257 It is a recognized principle that God by his very nature 
accepts the humble. 


II Enoch, 1-60 A.D. 


2:2 Now, therefore, my children, I tell you: turn not from God 
before the face of the vain, who made not heaven and earth, for these 
shall perish and those who worship them. 

7:3 These are God’s apostates, who obeyed not God’s commands 
but took counsel with their own will. 

Chap. 9 This place, O Enoch, is prepared for the righteous, who 
endure all manner of offence from those that exasperate their souls, who 
avert their eyes from iniquity, and make righteous judgment, and give 
bread to the hungering, and cover the naked with clothing, and raise 
up the fallen, and help injured orphans, and who walk without fault 
before the face of the Lord and serve him alone, and for them is pre- 
pared this place for eternal inheritance. 

10:4-6 This place, O Enoch, is prepared for those who dishonor 
God, who on earth practise sin against nature, which is child corruption 
after the sodomitic fashion, magic-making, enchantments and devilish 
witchcrafts, and who boast of their wicked deeds, 5 stealing, lies, cal- 
umnies, envy, rancor, fornication, murder, and who, accursed, steal 
the souls of men, who, seeing the poor, take away their goods and them 
selves wax rich, injuring them for other men’s goods; who being able 
to satisfy the empty, made the hungering to die; being able to clothe, 
stripped the naked; 6 and who knew not their Creator, and bowed down 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BAasaL ELEMENTS 101 


to soulless gods, who can not see nor hear, vain gods; who also built 
hewn images and bow down to unclean handiwork; for all these is pre- 
pared this place amongst these, for eternal inheritance. 

34:1, 2 They have rejected my commandments and my yoke, 
worthless seed has come up, not fearing God, and they would not 
bow down to me, but have begun to bow down to vain gods, and denied 
my unity, 2 and have laden the whole earth with untruths, offences, 
abominable lecheries, namely one with another, and all manner of other 
unclean wickednesses, which are disgusting to relate. 

42:6-14 Blessed is he who fears God and serves him..... 7 
Blessed is he who judges a judgment justly to the widow and orphan 
and helps everyone that is wronged. .... 10 Blessed is he who turns 
back from the changeable path and walks along the straight path. 
11 Blessed is he who sows the seeds of righteousness. .... 12 Blessed 
is he in whom is truth..... 13 Blessed is he in whose mouth is 
mercy and gentleness. 14 Blessed is he who understands the Lord’s 
works and glorifies the Lord God. 

52:1-15 Blessed is the man who opens his lips in praise of God 
of Sabaoth and praises the Lord with his heart. 2 Cursed is every one 
who opens his lips for the bringing into contempt and calumny of his 
neighbors, because he brings God into contempt. 3 Blessed is he who 
opens his lips blessing and praising God. 4 Cursed is he before the 
Lord all the days of his life, who opens his lips to curse and abuse. 
5 Blessed is he who blesses all the Lord’s works. 6 Cursed is he who 
brings the Lord’s creation into contempt. 7 Blessed is he who looks 
down and raises the fallen. 8 Cursed is he who looks to and is eager 
for the destruction of what is not his. 9 Blessed is he who keeps the 
foundations of his fathers made firm from the beginning. 10 Cursed 
is he who perverts the decrees of his forefathers. 11 Blessed is he who 
implants peace and love. 12 Cursed is he who disturbs those that love 
their neighbors. 13 Blessed is he who speaks with humble tongue and 
heart to all. 14 Cursed is he who speaks peace with his tongue, while 
in his heart there is no peace, but a sword. 15 For all these things will 
be laid bare in the weighing scales and in the books, on the day of the 
great judgment. 

53:1 And now, my children, do not say: ‘‘Our father is standing 
before God and is praying for our sins,” for there is no helper of any 
man who has sinned. 

59:1, 5 Whoever defiles the soul of beast, defiles his own soul. 
. . -. 5 And he who does any beast any injury whatsoever, in secret, 
it is evil practice, and he defiles his own soul. 

61:4, 5 When man puts a good thought in his heart, brings gifts 
from his labors before the Lord’s face, and his hands made them not, 


102 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


then the Lord will turn away his face from the labor of his hand, and 
he can not find the labor of his hands. 5 And if his hands made it, 
but his heart murmur, and his heart cease not to murmur incessantly, 
he has not any advantage. 

63:1, 2 When man clothes the naked and fills the hungry, he will 
find reward from God. 2 But if his heart murmur, he commits a double 
evil: ruin of himself and of that which he gives; and for him there 
will be no finding of reward on account of that. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 


Creation 24 (1:21) Of existing things there are some that partake 
neither of virtue nor of vice; as for instance, plants and irrational 
animals; the one because they are destitute of soul, and are regulated 
by a nature void of sense; and the other because they are not endowed 
with mind or reason. But mind and reason may be looked upon as the 
abode of virtue and vice; as it is in them they seem to dwell. Some 
things alone partake of virtue alone, being without participation in any 
kind of vice; as for instance the stars. .... Some things again are of 
mixed nature, like man, who is capable of opposite qualities, of wisdom 
and folly, of temperance and dissoluteness, of courage and cowardice, 
of justice and injustice, in short of good and evil, of what is honorable 
and what is disgraceful, of virtue and vice. 

Allegories of Laws 1:32 (1:68) In these words Moses intends to 
stretch out the particular virtues. And they also are four in number: 
prudence, temperance, courage, and justice. Now the greatest river 
from which the four branches flow off is generic virtue, which we have 
already called goodness. 

Till. Noah 4 (1:381) I will cut down all the trees of folly, and 
intemperance, and injustice, and cowardice; and I will eradicate all 
the plants of pleasure, and appetite, and anger, and passion, and of all 
similar affections, even if they have raised their heads as high as heaven. 

Confusion of Tongues 25 (2:38) But man is almost the only one 
of all living things which, having a thorough knowledge of good and 
evil, often chooses that which is worst, and rejects those things which 
are worthy of earnest pursuit, so that he is often most justly condemned 
as being guilty of deliberate and studied crime. 

Heir of Divine Things 35 (2:126, 127) Of the ten commandments 
engraved on these tables which are properly and especially laws, there 
is an equal division into two numbers of five; the first of which contains 
the principle of justice relating to God, and the second those relating 
LO: STR These are ‘generic rules, comprehending nearly all 
offences whatever, and to one of these rules each particular and special 
action is naturally referrible. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 103 


Plot. 82 (1:272) Such also is the miserable life of a wicked man, 
who has received for his inheritance the most painful of the four passions, 
pain and terror; the one being equivalent to groaning, and the other 
to trembling; for it is inevitable, that some evil should either be pres- 
ent to or impending over such aman. Now the expectation of impend- 
ing evil causes fear, but the suffering of present evil causes pain. 

On the other hand, he who pursues virtue is found to be in the 
enjoyment of corresponding blessings; for either he has acquired what 
is good or he will attain to it. 


Books of Adam and Eve, ca. 200 A.D. 


Apoc. 19:3 (Eve’s Account of the Fall) And when he had received 
the oath from me, he went and poured upon the fruit the poison of his 
wickedness, which is lust, the root and beginning of every sin, and he 
bent the branch on the earth and I took of the fruit and I ate. 


III Baruch, 100-150 A.D. 


4:16, 17 Know therefore, O Baruch, that as Adam through this 
very tree obtained condemnation, and was divested of the glory of God, 
so also the men who now drink insatiably the wine which is begotten 
of it transgress worse than Adam, and are far from the glory of God, 
and are surrendering themselves to the eternal fire. 17 For [no] good 
comes through it. For those who drink it to surfeit do these things: 
neither does a brother pity his brother, nor a father his son, nor children 
their parents, but from the drinking of wine come all evils, such as 
murders, adulteries, fornications, perjuries, thefts, and such like. And 
nothing good is established by it. 

13:4 But where there is murder, there also are they in the midst, 
and where are fornications, adulteries, thefts, slanders, jealousies, 
perjuries, drunkenness, strife, envy, murmurings, whispering, idolatry, 
divination, and such like, then are they workers of such works, and of 
others worse. 

16:4 For they did not hearken to my voice, nor did they observe my 
commandments, nor do them, but were despisers of my commandments 
and insolent toward the priests who proclaimed my words to them, | 


II, PALESTINIAN 


I Enoch (Part IT, Similitudes), 94-64 B.C. 


42:3 Unrighteousness went forth from her chambers: 
Whom she sought not she found, 
And dwelt with them 
As rain in a desert 
And dew on a thirsty land. 


104. THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


69:9--11 And he (Pénémie) instructed mankind in writing with 
ink and paper, and thereby many sinned from eternity to eternity and 
until this day. 10 For men were not created for such a purpose, to 
give confirmation to their good faith with pen and ink. 11 For men 
were created exactly like the angels, to the intent that they should con- 
tinue pure and righteous; and death, which destroys everything, could 
not have taken hold of them, but through this their knowledge they 
are perishing. 

Jubilees, 185-105 B.C. 


5:12, 13 He made for all his works a new and righteous nature, 
so that they should not sin in their whole nature forever, but should be 
all righteous, each in his kind alway. 13 And the judgment of all is 
ordained and written on the heavenly tablets in righteousness—even 
(the judgment of) all who depart from the path which is ordained for 
them to walk in; and if they walk not therein, judgment is written 
down for every creature and for every kind. 

15:26 And everyone that is born, the flesh of whose foreskin is 
not circumcised on the eighth day, belongs not to the children of the 
covenant which the Lord made with Abraham, but to the children of 
destruction; nor is there, moreover, any sign on him that he is the 
Lord’s but (he is destined) to be destroyed and slain from the earth, 
and to be rooted out of the earth, for he has broken the covenant of 
the Lord our God. 


21:21—23 I see, my son, 
That all the works of the children of men are sin and 
wickedness, 
And all their deeds are uncleanness and an abomination and 
a pollution 
And there is no righteousness with them. 
22 Beware, lest you should walk in their ways 
And tread in their paths, 
And sin a sin to death before the Most High God. ... . 
23 Turn away from all their deeds and all their uncleanness 
And observe the ordinance of the Most. High God 
And do his will and be upright in all things. 


22:10 My son, Jacob, may the God of all bless you and strengthen 
you to do righteousness, and his will before him. 

22:14 And may he cleanse you from all unrighteousness and 
impurity, that you may be forgiven all the transgressions which you 
have committed ignorantly. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BAasAL ELEMENTS 105 


33:20 There is no greater sin than the fornication which they 
commit on earth; for Israel is a holy nation to the Lord its God, and a 
nation of inheritance, and a priestly and royal nation and for (his own) 
possession; and there shall no such uncleanness appear in the midst of 
the holy nation. 

50:13 The man who does any of these things on the Sabbath shall 
die, so that the children of Israel shall observe the Sabbaths according 
to the commandments regarding the Sabbaths of the land. 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 109-105 B.C. 


Sim. 3:1-5 And now, my children, listen to me and beware of the 
spirit of deceit and envy. 2 For envy rules over the whole mind of a 
man, and permits him neither to eat nor to drink, nor to do any good 
thing. 3 But it ever suggests (to him) to destroy him that he envies, 
and so long as he that is envied flourishes, he that envies fades away. 
4 Two years therefore I afflicted my soul with fasting in the fear of the 
Lord, and I learnt that deliverance from envy comes by the fear of God. 
5 For if a man flees to the Lord, the evil spirit runs away from him, and 
his mind is lightened. 

Jud. 14:1 Be not drunk with wine; for wine turns the mind away 
from the truth, and inspires the passion of lust, and leads the eyes into 
error. 

Jud. 17:1. And now, I command you, my children, not to love 
money, nor to gaze upon the beauty of women. 

Jud. 19:1 My children, the love of money leads to idolatry; 
because when led astray through money, men name as gods those who 
are not gods, and it causes him who has it to fall into madness. 

Iss. 7:1 I am a hundred and twenty-six years old and am not 
conscious of committing any sin. 

Dan 2:1, 2 Unless you keep yourself from the spirit of lying and 
of anger, and love truth and longsuffering, you shall perish. 2 For 
anger is blindness, and does not permit one to see the face of any man 
with truth. 

Gad 5:1 Hatred, therefore, is evil, for it constantly mates with 
lying, speaking against the truth. 

Asher 1:3-9 Two ways has God given to the sons of men, and 
two inclinations. .... 5 For there are two ways, of good and evil, and 
with these are the two inclinations in our breasts discriminating them. 
6 Therefore if the soul takes pleasure in the good (inclination), all its 
actions are in righteousness..... 8 But if it inclines to the evil 
inclination, all its actions are in wickedness. 

Asher 3:1, 2. But do not you, my children, wear two faces like 
them, of goodness and of wickedness; but cleave unto goodness only, 


106 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


for God has his habitation there, and men desireit. 2 But from wicked- 
ness flee, destroying the evil (inclination) by your good works; for those 
who are double-faced serve not God, but their own lusts, so that they 
may please Beliar and men like themselves. 

Jos. 9:2 God loves him who in a den of wickedness combines 
fasting with chastity. 

Jos. 10:1 You see, therefore, my children, how great things 
patience works and prayer with fasting. 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


1:3 I thought in my heart that I was full of righteousness, 
Because I was well off and had become rich in children. 


1:8 Their transgressions went beyond those of the heathen before them; 
They utterly polluted the holy things of the Lord. 


2:2,3 Alien nations ascended thine altar 
They trampled (it) proudly with their sandals; 
3 Because the sons of Jerusalem had defiled the holy things of 
the Lord, 
Had profaned with iniquities the offerings of God. 


2:38, 39 So that he will distinguish between the righteous and the sinner 
(And) recompense the sinners forever according to their deeds; 
39 And have mercy on the righteous. 


8:9-14 In secret places underground their iniquities (were committed) 
to provoke (him) to anger; 
10 They wrought confusion, son with mother and father with 
daughter; 
11 They committed adultery, every man with his neighbor’s wife. 
They concluded covenants with one another with an oath touch- 
ing these things. 
12 They plundered the sanctuary of God as though there was no 
avenger. 
13 They trod the altar of God (coming straight) from all manner 
of uncleanness; 
And with menstrual blood they defiled the sacrifices as (though 
these were) common flesh. 
14 They left no sin undone in which they did not surpass the 
heathen. 


13:4 The righteous was troubled on account of his errors 
Lest he should be taken away along with the sinners. 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 107 


14:1, 2 Faithful is the Lord to them that love him in truth, 
To those who endure his chastening, 
2 To those who walk in the righteousness of his commandments 
In the Law which he commanded us that we might live. 
The pious of the Lord shall live by it forever. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C-70 A.D. 


1:7 And God considered their works; for they sought him with 
a perfect heart and he raised them up a Teacher of righteousness to 
lead them in the way of his heart. 

6:10, 11 This means the three nets of Belial. .... 11 The first 
is fornication, the second is wealth (of wickedness), the third is the 
pollution of the Sanctuary. 

7:12 They also polluted their holy spirit and with a tongue of 
blasphemies they opened the mouth against the statutes of the covenant 
of God, saying: They are not established. 


Assumption of Moses, 7-29 A.D. 


12:7 Not for any virtue or strength of mine, but of his good 
pleasure has his compassion and long-suffering fallen to my lot. 

12:10, 11 Those, therefore, who do and fulfill the commandments 
of God shall increase and be prospered: 11 but those who sin and set at 
naught the commandments shall be without the blessings before men- 
tioned, and they shall be punished with many torments by the nations. 


IT Baruch, 50-100 A.D. 


9:1 Jeremiah, whose heart was found pure from sins.... . 

14:7 And if others did evil, it was due to Zion, that on account of 
the works of those who wrought good works she should be forgiven, and 
should not be overwhelmed on account of the works of those who 
wrought unrighteousness. 

15:5, 6 Man would not rightly have understood my judgment, 
unless he had accepted the law, and I had instructed him in understand- 
ing. 6 But now because he transgressed wittingly, yea, Just on this 
ground that he knew of it, he shall be tormented. 


54:15 For though Adam first sinned 
And brought untimely death upon all, 
Yet of those who were born from him 
Each one of them has prepared for his own soul torment to come, 
And again each one of them has chosen for himself glories to come. 


85:2 And they (i.e., the righteous men and holy prophets) inter- 
ceded for us with him who made us [because they trusted in their 
works] and the Mighty One heard their prayer and forgave us. 


108 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


IV Esdras, 100-135 A.D. 


3:21 For the first Adam, clothing himself with the evil heart, 
transgressed and was overcome; and likewise also all who were born 
of him. 

4:30 For a grain of evil seed was sown in the heart of Adam from 
the beginning, and how much fruit of ungodliness has it produced to 
this time, and shall yet produce until the threshing-floor come! 


7:35 And recompense shall follow, 
And the reward be made manifest; 
Deeds of righteousness shall awake, 
And deeds of iniquity shall not sleep. 


7:48 For the evil heart has grown up in us which has estranged 
us from God and brought us into destruction. 


Pirke Aboth, ca. 200 A.D. 


2:2 Comely is study of Torah with worldly occupation, for toil 
in both makes sin forgotten. And all Torah without work ends in 
failure and brings with it sin. 

2:12, 13 He said to them: Go and see what is that good way to 
which a man should cleave. R. Eliezer said: A good eye. R. Joshua 
said: A good associate. R. Jose said: A good neighbor. R. Simeon 
said: He that regards the result of an action. R. Eleazar said: A 
good heart. He said to them, I regard the words of Eleazar b. Arach 
more than your words, for your words are included in his. 13 He said 
to them: Go and see what is that evil way from which a man should 
keep himself. R. Eliezer said: An evil eye. R. Joshua said: An evil 
associate. R. Jose said: An evil neighbor. R. Simeon said: He that 
borrows and does not pay. ... R. Eleazar said: An evil heart. He 
said to them, I regard the words of Eleazar b. Arach more than your 
words; for your words are included in his. 

4:5 The ignorant and the willful are alike sinners in regard to 
the profaning of the Name. 

5:11 Seven kinds of punishments come upon the world for seven 
main transgressions. (The seven transgressions are as follows: failure 
to tithe, injustice, false teaching, false swearing, false worship, incest 
and bloodshed, not giving release to the earth.) 

5:21 Jeroboam sinned and made many sin, and the sin of many 
depended on him. 

5:22 Everyone who has three other things is one of the disciples 
of Balaam the wicked. ... . If he has an evil eye, and a boastful soul, 
and a haughty spirit, he is of the disciples of Balaam the wicked. .... 


PRESUPPOSITIONS AND BASAL ELEMENTS 109 


The disciples of Balaam the wicked inherit Gehenna, and go down to 
the pit of destruction. 
6:2 Everyone who is not occupied with the Torah is called 
reprobate. 
D. Tart TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 


Toy, pp. 183-90*; Bousset, Religion, pp. 211-19*; Cremer, s.v.; 
Thayer, s.v.; Stevens, art. “Righteousness,” H. DB; Burton, Ga- 
latians, pp. 486 ff., 460 ff.; Wendt, I, 256-364; Bruce, chaps. viii, ix; 
Votaw, art. ““Sermon on the Mount,” H. DB, V, 20a. 


CHAPTER II 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS: THE PRIVILEGES 
AND DUTIES OF MEN 


6. JESUS’ OWN PERSONAL RELIGION AND 
PERSONAL MISSION 


A. THe JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 2:13-21 And the Passover of the Jews was at hand, and Jesus 
went up to Jerusalem. 14 And he found in the temple area the sellers 
of oxen and sheep and doves, and the money-changers sitting at their 
tables: 15 and making a scourge out of ropes he drove them all out 
of the temple area, and the sheep and the oxen; and he poured out the 
coins of the money-changers, and overturned their tables; 16 and to 
them that sold the doves he said, Take these away; do not make my 
Father’s house a trading place. 17 His disciples remembered that it 
was written, Zeal for thy house shall eat me up. 18 The Jews therefore 
said to him, What sign have you to show us, seeing you do these things? 
19 Jesus said to them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will 
raise it up. 20 The Jews therefore said, It took forty-six years to build 
this temple, and will you raise it up in three days? 21 But he spoke of 
the temple of his body. 

Jn 4:13, 14 Every one that drinks of this water will thirst again: 
14 but whoever drinks of the water that I shall give him will never thirst; 
but the water that I shall give him will become in him a well of water 
springing up to eternal life. 

Jn 4:31-34 In the meantime the disciples urged him, saying, Rabbi, 
eat. 32 But he said, I have food to eat that you know not. 33 The 
disciples therefore said one to another, Has any man brought him food 
to eat? 34 Jesus said to them, My food is to do the will of him that 
sent me, and to accomplish his work. 

Jn 5:17-29 But Jesus answered them, My Father has gone on 
working even until now, and Iam working. 18 Because of these words 
the Jews were more eager to kill him, because he not only broke the 
Sabbath, but also called God his own Father, making himself equal with 
God. 19 Jesus therefore said to them, In very truth I tell you, The 
Son can do nothing of himself, but what he sees the Father doing: for 
whatever he does, these things the Son also does in like manner. 20 For 
the Father loves the Son, and shows him all things that he himself does: 


110 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND E‘THICS 111 


and greater works than these will he show him, that you may marvel. 
21 For as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, even so the 
Son also gives life to whom he will. 22 For neither does the Father 
judge any man, but he has given all judgment to the Son; 23 that all 
may honor the Son, even as they honor the Father. He that does not 
honor the Son, does not honor the Father that sent him. 24 In very 
truth I tell you, He that hears my word, and believes him that sent me, 
has eternal life, and does not come into judgment, but has passed out 
of death into life. 25 In very truth I tell you, The hour is coming, 
and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God; and 
those that hear shall live. 26 For as the Father has life in himself, 
even so he gave to the Son also to have life in himself; 27 and he gave 
him authority to execute judgment, because he isasonofman. 28 Do 
not be astonished at this: for the hour is coming, in which all that are 
in the tombs shall hear his voice, 29 and shall come forth; those who 
have done good, to a resurrection of life; and those whose practices have 
been evil, to a resurrection of judgment. 

Jn 6:35, 44-58, 63 I am the bread of life: he that comes to me will 
never hunger, and he that believes in me will never thirst. .... 44 No 
man can come to me unless the Father that sent me draws him, and I 
will raise him up at the last day. 45 It is written in the prophets, And 
they shall all be taught by God. Every one that has heard from the 
Father, and has learned comes to me. 46 Not that any man has seen 
the Father, except he that is from God, he has seen the Father. 47 In 
very truth I tell you, He that believes has eternal life. 48 I am the 
bread of life. 49 Your fathers ate the manna in the wilderness, and 
they died. 50 This is the bread which comes down out of heaven, that 
aman may eat of it, and not die. 51 I am the living bread that came 
down out of heaven: if any man shall eat of this bread, he will live for- 
ever: and the bread which I will give is my flesh, for the life of the world. 

52 The Jews therefore debated with one another, saying, How can 
this man give us his flesh to eat? 53 Jesus therefore said to them, In 
very truth I tell you, Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink 
his blood, you have no life in yourselves. 54 He that eats my flesh 
and drinks my blood has eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last 
day. 55 For my flesh is real food, and my blood is real drink. 56 He 
that eats my flesh and drinks my blood abides in me, andIin him. 57 
As the living Father sent me, and I live because of the Father; so he 
that eats me shall live because of me. 58 This is the bread that came 
down out of heaven: not like that which the fathers ate, and died; he 
that eats this bread shall live forever. .... 63 It is the Spirit that 
gives life; the flesh is of no profit: the words that I have spoken to you 
are spirit and life. 


112 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


Jn 7:2-9 Now the feast of the Jews, the feast of Tabernacles, was 
at hand. 3 So his brothers said to him, You ought to leave here and 
go into Judea, that your disciples also may see the works which you are 
doing. 4 For no man does anything in secret, and at the same time 
seeks to be publicly known. If you are doing these things, show 
yourself to the world. 5 For even his brothers did not believe in 
him. 6 Jesus therefore said to them, My time has not yet come;! 
but your time is always ready. 7 The world can not hate you; but 
it hates me, because I testify that its works are evil. 8 Go up to 
the feast; I am not going up to this feast, because my time has not 
yet come. 9 And having said these things to them, he remained in 
Galilee. 

Jn 8:12 I am the light of the world: he that follows me will not 
walk in the darkness, but will have the light of life. 

Jn 9:5 While I am in the world, I am the light of the world. 

Jn 9:39 For judgment I came into this world, that those that are 
blind may see; and that those that see may become blind. 

Jn 10:7, 9-11, 14-18 I am the door of the sheep. ... . 9 Iam the 
door; if any man enters by me he will be saved, and will go in and out 
and find pasture. 10 The thief comes only to steal, and kill, and 
destroy: I came that they may have life, and may have it abundantly. 
11 I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd lays down his life for the 
sheep. .... 14 I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my 
own know me, 15 even as the Father knows me, and I know the Father. 
And I lay down my life for the sheep. 16 And I have other sheep that 
do not belong to this flock. These also I must bring, and they will 
hear my voice, and they will become one flock with one shepherd. 
17 This is the reason why the Father loves me, because I lay down my 
life, to take it again. 18 No one takes it away from me, but I lay it 
down of my own will. I have authority to lay it down, and I have 
authority to take it again. I received this authority from my Father. 
(See also 15:1-16.) 

Jn 11:25, 26 I am the resurrection and the life: he that believes in 
me, even though he die, yet he will live; 26 and whoever lives and 
believes in me will never die. 

Jn 12:20-33 Now there were certain Greeks among those that 
went up to worship at the feast. 21 They came accordingly to Philip, 
who was of Bethsaida of Galilee, and made this request, Sir, we should 
like to see Jesus. 22 Philip went and told Andrew, and Andrew and 
Philip went and told Jesus. 23 And Jesus answered them, The hour 
has come? for the Son of man to be glorified. 24 In very truth I tell 
you, Unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains a 


1 Compare Jn 12:23; 17:1. 2Compare Jn 7:6; 17:1. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 113 


single grain; but if it dies, it produces many more. 25 He that loves 
his life loses it; and he that hates his life in this world will keep it to 
life eternal. 26 If any man will serve me, let him follow me; and where 
I am, there will my servant be also. If any man serves me, the Father 
will honor him. 27 Now is my soul troubled; and what shall I say? 
Father, save me from this hour? But it was for this cause that I came 
to this hour. 28 Father, glorify thy name. Then there came a voice 
out of heaven, saying, I have both glorified it, and will glorify it again. 
29 The multitude that stood by, and heard it, said that it had thundered: 
others said, An angel has spoken to him. 30 Jesus said, This voice was 
not for me, but for you. 31 Now is there a judgment of this world: 
now will the prince of this world be cast out. 32 And I, if I am lifted 
up from the earth, will draw all men unto myself. 33 But this he said 
signifying in what way he would die. 

Jn 13:12-15 So when he had washed their feet, and had put on his 
coat, and sat down again, he said to them, Do you know what I have 
done to you? 18 You call me, Teacher, and Lord: and you do well; 
forsolam. 14 If I then, the Lord and the Teacher, have washed your 
feet, you ought also to wash one another’s feet. 15 For I have given 
you an example, that you also should do as I have done to you. 

Jn 14:31 That the world may know that I love the Father, and 
what the Father commanded me, that I do. 

Jn 17:1-6, 18, 19, 25, 26 When Jesus had spoken these things, he 
lifted his eyes to heaven, and said, Father, the hour has come;' glorify 
thy Son, that the Son may glorify thee; 2 even as thou gavest him 
authority over all flesh, that to all whom thou hast given him, he 
should give eternal life. 3 And this is life eternal, to know thee, the 
only true God, and him whom thou didst send, even Jesus Christ. 4 I 
have glorified thee on the earth, in that I have accomplished the work 
which thou hast given me to do.? 5 And now glorify thou me, O Father, 
with thyself with the glory which I had with thee before the world was. 
6 I have manifested thy name to the men whom thou gavest me out of 
the world: they were thine and thou gavest them to me; and they have 
kept thy word. ... . 18 As thou didst send me into the world, even 
so have I sent them into the world. 19 And for their sakes I conse- 
crate myself, that they themselves also may be truly consecrated. .... 
25 O righteous Father, the world has not known thee, but I have known 
thee; and these knew that thou didst send me; 26 and I have made 
known to them thy name, and will make it known; that the love with 
which thou hast loved me may be in them and I in them. 

Jn 18:37 Pilate therefore said to him, Are you a king, then? Jesus 
answered, You say that Iam aking. To this end I was born, and to 


1 Compare Jn 7:6; 12:23. 2 Compare Jn 4:34; 19:30. 


114 


THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


this end have come into the world, to testify to the truth. Every one 
that is of the truth hears my voice. 


Jn 19: 


28-30 After this Jesus, knowing that all things had Wey 


finished, that the scripture might be fulfilled, said, I am thirsty. 29 
There stood there a vessel full of sour wine, and fastening a sponge full of 
the wine on a hyssop stick, they put it to his mouth. 30 When then 
he had received the wine, Jesus said, It is finished, and bowing his head — 


he gave up his spirit. 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mt 3:13-17 Then 
came Jesus from Gali- 
lee to the Jordan to 
John to be baptized by 
him. 14 But John 
was reluctant to bap- 
tize him, saying, I need 
to be baptized by you, 
and do you come to 
me? 15 But Jesus 
said to him, Permit 
it now: for thus it 
becomes us fully to 
perform every require- 
ment. Then John con- 
sented and _ baptized 
him [vs. 14, M or M?]. 


16 And when Jesus 
was baptized, he went 
up immediately from 
the water: and the 
heavens were opened 
to him, and he saw 
the Spirit of God de- 
scending as a dove, and 
coming upon him: 


17 and a voice came 
out of the heavens, 
saying, This is my 
beloved Son, in whom 
I have taken delight. 


Mk 1:9-11 And in 
those days Jesus came 
from Nazareth of Gali- 
lee, and was baptized 
by John in the Jordan. 


10 And immediately 
as he was coming up 
out of the water, he 
saw the heavens rent 
asunder, and the Spirit 
as a dove descending 
upon him, 


11 And a voice came 
out of the heavens, 
You are my beloved 
Son, in you I have 
taken delight [18]. 


Lk 3:21, 22 Now when 
all the people were 
baptized, Jesus also 
was baptized. 


And as he was praying 
the heaven was opened, 
22 and the Holy Spirit 
descended in a bodily 
form, as a dove, upon 
him, 


and a voice came out 
of heaven, You are 
my beloved Son; in 
you I have taken de- 
light. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 115 


Mk1:16-20 And passing along by the Sea of Galilee, he saw Simon, 
and Andrew, the brother of Simon, casting a net in the sea; for they 
were fishers. 17 And Jesus said to them, Follow me, and I will make 
you fishers of men. 18 And immediately they left the nets, and 
followed him. 19 And going on a little further, he saw James the son 
of Zebedee, and John his brother, who also were in the boat, putting 
their nets in order. 20 And immediately he called them, and they 
left their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired servants, and went 
after him [22. Mt 4:18-22]. 

Mk 1:21-27 And they went into Capernaum. And on the Sab- 
bath he attended the synagogue and preached the sermon. 22 And they 
were astonished at his teaching, for he taught them as one who was 
conscious of authority, and not as the scribes were accustomed to do. 
23 And at that moment there was in their synagogue a man under the 
control of an unclean spirit. 24 And he cried out, saying, What have 
you to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? 
I know who you are, the Holy One of God. 25 And Jesus rebuked the 
spirit, saying, Be still, and come out of him. 26 And the unclean spirit, 
throwing the man into convulsions and crying with a loud voice, came 
out of him. 27 And all were astonished, so that they debated with 
themselves, saying, What is this? A new teaching! With authority 
he commands even the unclean spirits, and they are obedient to him 
[24. Lk 4:31-36]. 

Mk1:29-31. (Seeunder1, B,5,p.36.) Mk1:32,34. (Seeunder1, 
B, 7, p. 40.) 

Mk 1:35-39 And rising up very early in the morning, he went out 
into a place apart from the dwellings of men, and prayed there. 36 And 
Simon and his companions followed him. 387 And when they found him 
they said to him, All the people are looking for you. 38 And he said 
to them, Let us go into the towns nearby that I may preach there also. 
For it was for this purpose that I left Capernaum. 39 And he went 
throughout Galilee preaching in the synagogues and expelling the 
demons from people! [25. Lk 4:42-44]. 

Mk 2:5-12a And Jesus seeing their faith said to the paralytic, 
Son, your sins are forgiven. 6 And some of the scribes were sitting 
there and reasoning in their minds: 7 Why does this man speak in this 
way? This is blasphemy; who can forgive sins except one, even God? 
8 And Jesus, immediately perceiving intuitively that they were reason- 
ing in this way, said to them, Why do you reason this way in your minds? 
9 Which is easier, to say to the paralytic, Your sins are forgiven, or to 
say, Arise, take up your pallet and go your way? 10 But that you may 

1 Mt 4:23 reads: ‘And he went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, 


and preaching the good news of the kingdom, and healing every kind of disease and 
sickness’’ [23; see also Mt 9:35 (70)]. 


116 | Tut TEACHING OF JESUS 


know that the Son of man has authority to forgive sins on the earth— 
he said to the paralytic—11 I say to you, Arise, take up your pallet, 
and go to your home. 12 And immediately he arose and took up his 
pallet and went out before them all (28. Mt 9:2-7; Lk 5:20-25]. 

Mk 2:14, 15 [29]. (See under 1, B, 4, p. 32.) 

Mk 2:16, 17 And when the scribes of the Pharisees saw that he 
was eating with the sinners and tax-collectors, they said to his disciples, 
Why does he eat with the tax-collectors and sinners? 17 And when 
Jesus heard it he said, It is not the strong that need a physician, but the 
sick. I came not to call righteous men, but sinners! [29. Mt 9:11-13; 
Lk 5:30-82]. 

Mk 2:27, 28 And he said to them, The Sabbath was made for 
man, not man for the Sabbath; 28 so that the Son of man is lord even 
of the Sabbath [81. Mt 12:8; Lk 6:5]. 

Mk 8:31-37 And he began to teach them, that the Son of man 
must suffer many things, and be rejected by the elders, and the chief 
priests, and the scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again. 
32 And he spoke the saying openly. And Peter took him, and began 
to remonstrate with him. 33 But he turning about, and seeing his 
disciples, rebuked Peter, and said, Get behind me, Satan; for your 
thoughts are not the thoughts of God, but of man. 34 And he called 
to him the multitude with his disciples, and said to them, If any man 
would come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and 
follow me. 385 For whoever chooses to save his life will lose it; and 
whoever loses his life for my sake and the gospel’s? will save it. 36 For 
of what profit is it to a man to gain the whole world, and forfeit his life ? 
37 For what can a man give to buy back his life [87. Mt 16:21-26; 
Lk 9:22-25]? 

Mk 9:7 And there came a voice out of the cloud, This is my 
beloved Son,? hear him [88. Mt17:5; Lk 9:35]. 

Mk 9:380-32 And he was passing through Galilee, and wished no 
one to know it. 381 For he was teaching his disciples and saying to 
them, The Son of man is to be delivered into the hands of men, and they 
will kill him, and three days after his death he will rise again. 32 But 
they did not understand what he said, and were afraid to ask him what 
he meant [90. Mt 17:22, 23; Lk 9:436-45]. 

Mk 10:13-16 And they were bringing to him little children that 
he might touch them, and the disciples reproved them. 14 But 
when Jesus saw it he was indignant and said to them, Let the little 
children come to me, do not hinder them, for to such belongs the king- 

1Lk 5:32 adds: ‘to repentance.” 

2Mt 16:25 and Lk 9:24 omit: ‘‘and the gospel’s.”” 

8 Mt17:5adds: “tin whom I have taken delight.” Cf. Mk 1:11 and parallelabove. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS Tay 


dom of God. 15 Of a truth I tell you, Whosoever shall not receive the 
kingdom of God as a little child will by no means enter it. 16 And 
taking the children in his arms, he blessed them, laying his hands upon 
them [136. Mt 19:13-15; Lk 18:15-17]. 

Mk 10:32-34 And again taking the twelve, he began to tell them 
what was to happen to him, saying, 33 We are going up to Jerusalem, 
and the Son of man will be delivered to the chief priests and the scribes, 
and they will condemn him to death and will deliver him to the Gentiles, 
34 and they will mock him and spit upon him and scourge him and 
kill him and after three days! he will rise again [189. Mt 20:17-19; 
Lk 18:31-83]. 

Mk 10:35-45 And James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came to 
him and said, Teacher, we have a request to make. Will you grant it? 
36 And he said to them, What do you want me to do for you? 37 And 
they said, Grant us that we may sit one on your right hand and one on 
your left in your glory. 38 And Jesus said to them, You do not know 
what you are asking. Can you drink the cup that I drink and with the 
baptism with which I am baptized can you be baptized? 39 And they 
said, We can. And Jesus said to them, The cup that I drink you will 
drink, and with the baptism with which I am baptized you will be bap- 
tized. 40 But to sit on my right hand and on my left is not mine to 
give, but is for those for whom it has been prepared. 41 And when the 
ten heard of it they began to be indignant with reference to James and 
John. 42 And Jesus called them to him and said to them, You know 
that those that are esteemed as rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them; 
and the great ones among them exercise authority over them. 43 But 
it is not so among you: but whoever wishes to become great among you 
will have to be your servant; 44 and whoever wishes to be first among 
you will have to be servant of all. 45 For the Son of man also came not 
to be served, but to serve and to give his life a ransom for many [140. 
Mt 20:20-28; Lk 22:25-27 (178. J)]. 

Mk 11:15-17 And they came to Jerusalem. And entering into 
the temple area, he set about driving out those that were buying and 
those that were selling in the temple area, and the tables of the money- 
changers and the seats of those who were selling doves he overturned. 
16 And he would not allow anyone to carry a vessel through the temple 
area. 17 And he said to them, Is it not written, My house shall be 
called a house of prayer for all the nations? But you have made it a 
den of robbers [146. Mt 21:12, 18; Lk 19:45, 46]. 

Mk 14:22-24 And as they were eating, he took bread and blessed 
it and broke it and gave it to them, and said, Take this, it is my body. 
23 And he took a cup and gave thanks and gave it to them, and they 


1M¢ 20:19 and Lk 18:33 read: ‘‘the third day.” 


118 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


all drank of it. 24 And he said to them, This is my covenant bload 
which is poured out for many! [178. Mt 26:26-28; Lk 22:19, 20]. 

Mk 14:32-42 And they came to a place called Gethsemane, and 
he said to his disciples, Sit here while I pray. 33 And he took with him 
Peter and James and John, and he began to be appalled and distressed, 
34 and he said to them, My soul is sorrowful unto death; stay here 
and keep awake. 35 And going forward a little way, he fell upon the 
ground and prayed that if possible he might escape what seemed impend- 
ing. 386 And he said, Abba, Father, all things are possible to thee. 
Take this cup from me. Yet not what I will, but what thou willest. 
37 And he came and found them sleeping, and said to Peter, Simon, 
are you asleep? Could you not manage to keep awake one hour? 
38 Be wakeful and pray, that you may not fall into temptation. The 
spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak. 39 And again he went away and 
prayed, saying the same thing. 40 And again on his return he found 
them sleeping, for their eyes were heavy, and they did not know what 
answer tomaketohim. 41 And he came a third time, and said to them, 
Sleep on what time is left and rest. .... The time is up. The hour 
has come. See, the Son of man is being betrayed into the hands of the 
sinners. 42 Rise, let us be going. My betrayer is at hand [174. 
Mt 26:36-46; Lk 22:39-46 (J)]. 

Mk 14:61b, 62 Again the high priest asked him, Are you the 
Christ, the Son of the Blessed One? 62 And Jesus said, I am, and you 
will see? the Son of man sitting at the right hand of the Power, and 
coming with the clouds of heaven [176. Mt 26:63, 64; Lk 22:69]. 

Mk 15:33, 34 And at the sixth hour darkness came over the 
whole land and lasted until the ninth hour. 34 And at the ninth hour 
Jesus cried with a loud voice, Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? which 
is, béing interpreted, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me 
(178. Mt 27:45, 46; Lk 23:44]? 


Mt 4:1-11; Lk 4:1-13 [19. G]. (See under 2, B, p. 49.) 

Lk 7:31-85 To what then shall I compare this generation? 
.... 02 They are like children that sit in a marketplace, and call to 
one another, and say, 


We piped to you and you did not dance: 
We mourned and you did not weep. 


1Or, ‘This is my blood which is poured out for many to ratify the covenant.” 
Mt 26:28 adds: ‘‘for the forgiveness of sins.’”” In Lk 22:19, 20 most manuscripts read: 
“This is my body which is given for you. This do in remembrance of me..... This 
cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.” But WH regard 
all except ‘‘This is my body” as an interpolation based on I Cor 11:24 f. 


2Mt 26:64 reads: ‘‘From this time on you will see.’’ Lk 22:69 reads: ‘‘From 
now on the Son of man will be seated at the right hand of the power of God.” 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 119 


33 For John the Baptist came neither eating bread nor drinking wine, 
and you say, He has a demon. 34 The Son of man has come eating 
and drinking, and you say, Why, here is a glutton and a drinker of wine, 
a friend of tax-collectors and sinners. 385 And wisdom is justified by 
all her children [47. G; Mt 11:16-19]. 


Lk 2:40-52 And the child grew and increased in strength, growing 
in wisdom, and the favor of God was upon him. 41 And the parents 
of Jesus were accustomed to go every year to Jerusalem to attend the 
feast of the passover. 42 And when he was twelve years old, they went 
up as usual. 43 And when the feast was over and they were returning, 
the boy Jesus remained behind in Jerusalem, and his parents were not 
aware of it. 44 But supposing him to be in the caravan they went on 
till the night, and then searched for him among their relatives and 
acquaintances. 45 And not finding him, they returned to Jerusalem, 
searching for him. 46 And after three days they found him in the 
temple area, sitting among the teachers, both listening to them and 
asking them questions. 47 And all who heard him were astonished at 
his intelligence and his answers. 48 And when they saw him they were 
greatly surprised, and his mother said to him, My child, why did you 
treat usin this way? Your father and I in anguish have been searching 
for you. 49 And he said to them, Why were you searching for me? 
Did you not know that I would surely be in my Father’s house? 50 
And they did not understand what he meant. 51 And he returned to 
Nazareth and was in subjection to them. And his mother cherished 
all these things in her memory. 52 And Jesus continued to advance 
in wisdom and in stature, and in favor with God and men [14-16. LI]. 

Lk 4:16-22 And he came to Nazareth where he had been brought 
up: and following his usual practice, he went into the synagogue on 
the Sabbath day; and he stood up to read the scriptures. 17 And 
there was given him the roll of the prophet Isaiah. And he opened and 
found the place where it was written, 

18 The Spirit of the Lord is upon me 

Because he anointed me to preach good tidings to the poor.. 

He has sent me to announce release to the captives, 

And recovery of sight to the blind, 

To set at liberty them that are bruised, 
19 To proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord. 
20 And he rolled up the roll and gave it back to the attendant: and sat 
down; and the eyes of all who were in the synagogue were fixed upon 
him. 21 And he began his discourse with the words, Today this scrip- 
ture has been fulfilled in your hearing. 22 And all spoke well of him, 
and wondered at the winning words that fell from his lips (21. G]. 


120 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


Lk 23:46 And, speaking in a loud voice, Jesus said, Father, into 
thy hands I commend my spirit; and having said this, he expired [178. J]. 


Mt 5:17 Do not suppose that I came to destroy the law or the 
prophets; I came not to destroy, but to fulfil [86. M]. 

Mt 17:24-27 And when they came into Capernaum those that 
received the didrachma! came to Peter and said, Does not your teacher 
pay the didrachma?! 25 He said, Yes. And when Peter had come 
into the house, before he had said anything, Jesus said to him, What do 
you think, Simon? From whom do the kings of the earth receive 
tribute, from their sons or from aliens? 26 And when he said, From 
aliens, Jesus replied, Then the sons are exempt. 27 But that we may 
not give them offense, go cast a hook into the sea, take the first fish 
that you catch, and opening his mouth you will find a shekel. Give 
this to them for you and me [91. M?]. 

(See also all passages under 10, ‘‘ Discipleship to Jesus,”’ pp. 168 ff.) 


C. Tue Views or JEwIsH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II. PALESTINIAN 


D. Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 
E. Mopern LITERATURE 


Wendt, II, 184-218; Burton, ‘“‘The Personal Religion of Jesus,’’ 
BW, December, 1899. 


7. THE EXTERNALS OF RELIGION 
1. THE SABBATH 
A. THe JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 5:5, 8-10, 16, 17 Now there was a certain man who had been 
ill for thirty-eight years. .... 8 Jesus said to him, Rise, take up your 
pallet and walk. 9 And immediately the man was made well, and took up 
his pallet and walked away. Now this took place on the Sabbath. 10 
The Jews therefore said to the man, It is the Sabbath, and you are not 
allowed to carry your pallet. .... 16 On this account the Jews perse- 
cuted Jesus, because he was doing these things on the Sabbath. 17 And 
he answered them, My Father has gone on working even until now, and 
I am working. 

Jn 7:22,23 Moses gave you circumcision, not because it originated 
with him but with the fathers, and on the Sabbath you circumcise a 
man. 23 If a man can be circumcised on the Sabbath that the law of 


1 The half-shekel which each Jew was expected to pay for the maintenance of the 
temple worship. See Exod 30:13. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 


121 


Moses may not be broken, are you angry with me because I made a 
man whole and sound on the Sabbath? 
Jn 9:18, 14, 16 They bring to the Pharisees the man who had 


been blind. 


14 Now it was on the Sabbath that Jesus made the clay 


and restored his sight. ... . 16 Some therefore of the Pharisees said, 
This man is not from God, because he does not keep the Sabbath. 
Others said, How can a sinful man do such signs? And there was a 


division among them. 


B. THe Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 1:21 And they came to Capernaum. And immediately, it 
being the Sabbath, he went into the synagogue and taught (24. Lk 4:31]. 


Mt 12:1-8 At that season Jesus 
went on the Sabbath through the 
grain fields. And his disciples 
were hungry, and began to pluck 
the heads of grain and to eat 
them. 2 And the Pharisees see- 
ing them said to him, See here, 
your disciples are doing what it is 
not permitted to do on the Sab- 
bath. 3 And he said to them 
Have you not read what David did 
when he and his companions were 
hungry, 4 how he went into the 
house of God and ate the ‘‘loaves 
of presentation” which neither he 
nor his companions were allowed 
to eat, but only the priests? 5 Or 
have you not read that on the 
Sabbath the priests in the temple 
break the Sabbath and are held 
guiltless? 6 And I say to you 
that there is something greater 
than the temple here. 7 And if 
you had perceived the meaning 
of this saying, I will desire mercy 
and not sacrifice, you would not 
have condemned the guiltless. 
8 For the Son of man is lord of 
the Sabbath [31]. 


Mk 2:23-28 Now he was going 
on the Sabbath through the grain 
fields; and his disciples began 
as they went to pluck the heads 
of grain. 24 And the Pharisees 
said to him, See here, why are they 
doing on the Sabbath what is not 
permitted? 25 And he said to 
them, Did you never read what 
David did when he was in need, 
and he and his companions were 
hungry, 26 how he went into the 
house of God in the high priest- 
hood of Abiathar,! and ate the 
“loaves of presentation,”’ which no 
one except the priests is allowed 
to eat, and gave also to his com- 
panions ? 


27 And he said to them, The Sab- 
bath was made for man, and not 
man for the Sabbath.2 28 So 
that the Son of man is lord even 
of the Sabbath [81. Lk 6:1-5]. 


1Lk 6:4, like Mt 12:4, omits: ‘‘in the high priesthood of Abiathar.” 
2 Lk 6:5 omits: ‘‘The Sabbath was madefor man, notmanfortheSabbath. Sothat.” 


122 


Mt 12:9-14 And withdrawing 
thence he came into their syna- 
gogue; 10 and there was a man 
having a withered hand. And 
they asked him, Is it permissible 
to heal on the Sabbath? that they 
might make a charge against him. 
11 And he said to them, What 
man of you who has a single sheep, 
will not, if it fall into a pit on 
the Sabbath, take hold and lift it 
out? 12 How much more valuable 
then a man is than a sheep! So 
that it is permissible to do good on 
the Sabbath. 138 Then he said to 
the man, Stretch out your hand. 
And he stretched it out, and it was 
restored, like the other. 14 And 
the Pharisees going out took 
counsel against him, how they 
might destroy him [32]. 


Lk 4:16-20. 


Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mk 3:1-6 And again he entered 
into a synagogue; and there was a 
man there who had his hand 
withered. 2 And they watched 
him to see whether he would heal 
him on the Sabbath, that they 
might make a charge against him. 
3 And he said to the man who 
had his hand withered, Stand up. 
4 And he said to them, Is it per- 
missible on the Sabbath day to do 
good or to do evil, to save life or 
to kil? And they said nothing. 
5 And he looked around at them 
with anger, and with grief at the 
hardening of their hearts! And 
he said to the man, Stretch out 
your hand. And he stretched it 
out, and it was restored. 6 And 
the Pharisees went out and im- 
mediately took counsel with the 
Herodians how to destroy him 
(82. Lk 6:6-11]. 


(See under 1, B, 6, p. 39.) 


Lk 13:10-17 And he was teaching in one of the synagogues on 


the Sabbath; 11 and there was a woman there who had a spirit that 
had made her ill for eighteen years, and she was bowed down and could 
not at all raise herself up. 12 And Jesus seeing her called her to him 
and said to her, Woman, you have been released from your sickness. 
13 And he laid his hands upon her, and immediately she stood up 
straight and praised God. 14 And the ruler of the synagogue, being 
indignant that Jesus healed on the Sabbath, said to the multitude, There 
are six days in which men ought to work; in them come and be healed 
and not on the Sabbath. 15 The Lord answered him, Hypocrites, does 
not each of you on the Sabbath let his ox or his ass cut of the stall and 
lead him away to water? 16 And ought not this woman, being a daughter 
of Abraham, whom Satan has bound for eighteen years, to be loosed from 
her bondage on the Sabbath day? 17 And as he said these things al! 
his opponents were ashamed and all the multitude rejoiced at all the 
glorious things done by him [119. P]. 


1 Lk 6:10 omits: ‘‘ with anger, and with grief at the hardening of their hearts.” 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 123 


Lk 14:1-6 And he went to the house of one of the rulers of the 
Pharisees on the Sabbath day to eat; and they were watching him. 
2 And there was there a man that had dropsy. 38 And Jesus said to the 
lawyers and Pharisees, Is it permissible on the Sabbath to heal or not? 
4 But they were silent. And he healed the man and sent him away. 
5 And he said to them, Who of you that has an ox or an ass that falls 
into the pit, will not immediately lift him out on the Sabbath? 6 And 
they had nothing to say [123. P]. 


C. Tue Views or JEwisH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
IT Enoch, 1-50 A.D. 


32:2 And I blessed the seventh day, which is the Sabbath, on 
which he rested from all his works. 


Books of Adam and Eve, ca. 200 A.D. 


Life 51:2 Man of God, mourn not for your dead more than six 
days, for on the seventh day is the sign of the resurrection and the rest of 
the age to come; on the seventh day the Lord rested from all his works 

Apoc. Mos. 48:3 Mourn not beyond six days, but on the seventh day 
rest and rejoice on it, because on that very day, God rejoices (yes) and we 
angels (too) with the righteous soul, who has passed away from the earth. 


Il. PALESTINIAN 
Jubilees, 185-105 B.C. 


2:17, 18, 25, 27, 30 And he gave us a great sign, the Sabbath 
day, that we should work six days, but keep Sabbath on the seventh 
day from all work. 18 And all the angels of the presence, and all the 
angels of sanctification, these two great classes—he has bidden us 
to keep the Sabbath with him in heaven and earth..... 25 He 
created heaven and earth and everything that he created in six days, 
and God made the seventh day holy for all his works; therefore he 
commanded on its behalf that, whoever does any work thereon shall 
die, and he who defiles it shall surely die... . . 27 And whoever 
does work thereon shall surely die eternally... . . 30 On this we 
kept Sabbath in the heavens before it was made known to any flesh to 
keep Sabbath thereon on the earth. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C—70 A.D. 

8:15 Observe the Sabbath according to its true meaning. 

13:1-5 As to the Sabbath, to observe it according to its law, no 
man shall do work on the sixth day from the time when the sun’s orb 
in its fullness is still without the gate. .... 2 And on the Sabbath 
day no man shall utter a word of folly and vanity. -3 No man shall 


124 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


lend aught to his neighbor. 4 None shall dispute on matters of wealth 
and gain. 5 None shall speak on matters of work and labor to be done 
on the following morning. .... [The remainder of the chapter gives 
in detail the laws governing the Sabbath-day observance.] 

14:6 And he whom he leads astray into profaning the Sabbath 
and the feasts shall not be put to death; but it shall be the duty of the 
sons of man to watch him; and should he be healed of it, they shall 
watch him seven years and then he shall come into the congregation. 


D. Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Moprern LITERATURE 


Oesterley and Box, chap. xviii; Driver, art. “Sabbath,” in 
H. DB**; Mann, ‘Observance of the Sabbath and Festivals,” in JOR 
(1914), pp. 482-56, 498-532, esp. 510-32*; Bruce, chap. ii; Stevens, 
Teaching, chap. iv. 

2. FASTING AND FOODS 


A. Tut JOHANNINE TEACHING 
B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 2:18-22 And the disciples of John and the Pharisees were 
fasting. And they came and said to him, Why do the disciples of John 
and the disciples of the Pharisees fast, and your disciples do not fast? 
19 And Jesus said to them, Can the guests at a wedding fast! while 
the bridegroom is still with them? As long as they have the bridegroom 
with them, they can not fast.2. 20 Days will come when the bridegroom 
shall be taken away from them; then they will fast. 21 Nobody sews 
a piece of unshrunken cloth on an old garment. And if he does, the 
new piece that he puts on pulls away from the old, and there is a worse 
rent than before 22 And no one puts new wine into old wine skins. 
And if he does, the wine bursts the skins, and the wine is lost as well as 
the skins. [But new wine must be put into new skins./‘ [80. Mt 9:14— 
17; Lk 5:33-38]. 

Mk 7:1-23 And there gathered about him the Pharisees and some 
of the scribes, who had come from Jerusalem. 2 And they noticed 
that some of his disciples were eating without having first washed their 
hands. 3 (For the Pharisees and the Jews generally do not eat without 
having first punctiliously washed their hands, observing in this the 

1 Mt 9:15 reads: ‘‘mourn.” 

2Mt 9:15 and Lk 5:34 omit the words: “‘Aslongas... . fast.’ 

8’ Lk 5:36 reads: ‘No one tears a piece off of a new garment to patch an old one. 
And if he does, not only will he have torn the new one, but the patch taken from the 
new will not fit in with the old.” 

«Most authorities add in Luke, vs. 39: “No one having drunk old wine asks 
for new; for he says, The old is good.” 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 125 


tradition of the Elders,! 4 and when they come from the market they 
do not eat without having first undergone a ceremonial purification,? 
and there are many other things which they have received and hold, 
such as dipping of cups and pots and brazen vessels* into water.)4 
5 And the Pharisees and the scribes asked him, Why do your disciples 
disregard the traditions of the Elders and eat without having first 
washed their hands? 6 And he said to them, Well did Isaiah describe 
you, in the words that are written in his prophecy, This people honors 
me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. 7 But there is no 
worship of me in their teaching what are but commandments of men. 
8 You have left the commandment of God and observe the tradition 
of men.5 9 And he said to them, Very effectively do you reject the 
commandment of God to keep your own tradition. 10 For Moses said, 
Honor your father and mother, and He that speaks evil of father or 
mother shall surely be put to death. 11 But you say, If a man 
shall say to his father or his mother, Corban, in other words, What- 
ever of mine might yield you an income is dedicated, 12 he must not 
do any thing for his father or mother, 13 thus annulling the word of God 
by your tradition which you have handed down. And many things 
like this you do. 14 And calling the people to him again, he said to 
them, Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15 There is nothing 
which entering into a man can defile him. It is the things that go forth 
from the man that defile the man. 17 And when he had left the 
crowd and come into the house, his disciples asked him to explain his 
aphorism. 18 And he said to them, Are you also so dull? Do you 
not see that nothing that enters into the man can defile him, 19 because 
it does not go into his heart, but into his belly, and is discharged into 
the sink. (By this saying he made all foods clean.)® 20 And he said, 
It is that which goes out from a man that defiles him. 21 For from 
within, out of the heart of men, the evil thoughts come, fornications, 
thefts, murders, adulteries, 22 covetousness,’? malice,’ deceit,’ wanton- 
ness,’ envy,’ slander, pride,’ folly.? 23 All these things, which are 
evil, come from within, and defile the man’ [80. Mt 15:1-20]. 


Mt. 6:16-18 Moreover when you fast, do not, like the hypocrites, 
draw a long face; for they put on an appearance of sadness, that men 
may notice that they are fasting. In very truth I tell you, they have 


1T.e., the teaching handed down from the teachers of former times. 

2 Most ancient authorities read: ‘‘ without having bathed’’; but some of the most 
ancient read, ‘‘ without having been sprinkled.” 

3 Some ancient authorities add: ‘‘and cots.”” §& Mt 15 does not contain vs. 8. 

4Mt 15:1 omits words in parentheses. ® Mt 15:17 omits words in parentheses. 

1 Mt 15:19 omits these words, but adds: ‘‘false witness.” 

8 Mt 15:20 adds: ‘‘but to eat without having washed one’s hands does not defile 
the man.” 


126 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


received their reward. 17 But when you fast, anoint your head, 
and wash your face, 18 that your fasting may not be in the sight of men, 
but of your Father, who is in secret. And your Father, who sees in 
secret, will reward you [88. M]. 


C. Tur Views or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Letter of Aristeas, after 130 B.C. 


142 Therefore lest we should be corrupted by any abomination, 
or our lives be perverted by evil communications, he hedged us round 
on all sides by rules of purity, affecting alike what we eat, or drink, or 
touch, or hear, or see. 

150 Wherefore all the rules which he has laid down with regard 
to what is permitted in the case of these birds and other animals, he 
has enacted with the object of teaching us a moral lesson. For the 
division of the hoof and the separation of the claws are intended to 
teach us that we must discriminate between our individual actions with 
a view to the practice of virtue. 

169 And so concerning meats and things unclean, creeping things, 
and wild beasts, the whole system aims at righteousness and righteous 
relationships between man and man. 


IV Maccabees, 63 B.C.-88 A.D. 


1:33. When we are tempted towards forbidden meats, how do 
we come to relinquish the pleasures to be derived from them? Is it 
not that reason has power to repress the appetites? . 

5:26 He has commanded us to eat the things that will be con- 
venient for our souls, and he has forbidden us to eat meats that would 


be the contrary. 
II. PALESTINIAN 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Sim. 3:4 Two years I afflicted my soul with fasting in the fear of 
the Lord, and I learnt that deliverance from envy comes by the fear of 
God. 

Jos. 9:2 For God loves him who in a den of wickedness combines 
fasting with chastity. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C. -70 A.D. 


8:15 And to observe .... the day of the Fast according to the 
utterances of them who entered into the New Covenant in the land of 
Damascus. 

13:13 No man shall fast of his own will on the Sabbath. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 127 


15:1, 2 The regulation of the dwellers in the cities of Israel, 
according to these judgments, that a difference may be made between 
the unclean and the clean, and to make known (the difference) between 
the holy and the common. 2 And these statutes are to give instruction 
so that the whole nation may walk in them according to the law always. 


II Baruch, 50-100 A.D. 
20:5 Go, therefore, and sanctify yourself seven days, and eat no 
bread, nor drink water, nor speak to anyone. And afterwards come to 
that place and I will reveal myself to you, and speak true things with 


you. 
IV Esdras, 100-1385 A.D. 


5:20-22 So I fasted seven days, mourning and weeping..... 
21 And after the seven days the thoughts of my heart began to oppress 
me again grievously; 22 then my soul recovered the spirit of under- 
standing; and I began once more to address the Most High. 


D. THe TEACHING OF JESUS 
E. Mopern LITERATURE 
Art. ‘‘Fasting,”’ H. DB*®; Bousset, Religion, pp. 207, 208*. 


3. PLACES OF WORSHIP, SACRIFICES, AND OFFERINGS 
A. THE JOHANNINE TEACHING 
(See under 1, A, 6, p. 22.) 
B. Tus Synoptic TEACHING 
(See under 1, B, 6, p. 37.) 
C. Tue VIEWS OF JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Sibylline Oracles (Book IIT), Second Century B.C. 

3:573-78 There shall be thereafter a holy race of God-fearing men, 
574 adhering to the counsels and the mind of the Most High; 575 who pay 
full honor to the temple of the mighty God, 576 with drink offerings and 
fat offerings and sacred hecatombs, 577 with sacrifices of lusty bulls 
and unblemished rams, 578 and piously offer as whole burnt sacrifices 
rich flocks of firstling sheep and lambs upon the great altar. 

3:624-28 But thou, O man of wiles, tarry not with hesitation, 
625 but turning round again make intercession to God. 626 Sacrifice 
to God hundreds of bulls and firstling lambs 627 and of goats in the 
circling seasons. 628 Yes, make intercession to him, the immortal 
God, if perchance he may have mercy upon you. 


Leiter of Aristeas, after 130 B.C. 


158 For in the matter of meats and drinks he bids us first of all 
offer part as a sacrifice and then forthwith enjoy our meal. 


128 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


234 The king asked the tenth, What is the highest form of glory? 
and he said, To honor God, and this is done not with gifts and sacrifices, 
but with purity of soul and holy conviction. 


II Enoch, 1-50 A.D. 


45:3 When the Lord demands bread, or candles, or flesh, or any 
other sacrifice, then that is nothing; but God demands pure hearts, 
and with all that only tests the heart of man. 

46:1-3 If any one bring any gifts to an earthly ruler and have 
disloyal thoughts in his heart, and the ruler know this, will he not be 
angry with him, and not refuse his gifts, and not give him over to 
judgment? 2 Or if one man make himself appear good to another by 
deceit of tongue, but have evil in his heart, then will not the other under- 
stand the treachery of his heart, and himself be condemned since his 
untruth was plain to all? 38 And when the Lord shall send a great 
light, then there will be judgment for the just and the unjust, and there 
no one shall escape notice. 

51:4 Itis good to go morning, midday, and evening into the Lord’s 
dwelling, for the glory of your Creator. 

66:2 Bring all just offerings before the Tanda face. The Lord 
hates what is unjust. 

Philo, 15-46 A.D. 

Plant. 25 (1:438) God delights in altars on which no fire is burned, 
but which are frequented by virtues, and which do not blaze with 
great flame, such as those sacrifices do kindle which are offered by impi- 
ous men, and which are no sacrifices at all, and which serve to remind 
one of the ignorances and wickedness of each of the sacrificers. 

Plant. 30 (1:441) It is impossible to show gratitude to God in a 
genuine manner, by those means which people in general think the only 
ones, namely, offerings and sacrifices; for the whole world could not be 
a temple worthy to be raised in his honor, except by means of praises 
and hymns, and those too must be such as are sung, not by loud voices, 
but by the invisible and pure mind, which shall raise the shout and 
song to him. 

Sibylline Oracles (Book IV), 80 A.D. 

4:8,9 For he has not as his habitation a stone set up in a temple, 
9 dumb and helpless, a bugbear of many woes to mortals. 

4:24-30 Happy shall those men be throughout the earth who 
truly love the Mighty God, blessing him 26 before eating and drinking, 
staunch in their godliness. 27 Who, when they see them, shall disown 
all temples 28 and altars, vain erections of senseless stones, 29 befouled 
with constant blood of living things and sacrifices 30 of four-footed 
beasts. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 129 


II. PALESTINIAN 
Jubilees, 135-105 B.C. 
1:17 And I will build my sanctuary in their midst, and I will 
dwell with them, and I will be their God and they shall be my people 
in truth and righteousness. 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 
Levi 3:6 Offering to the Lord a sweet-smelling savor, a reasonable 
and a bloodless offering. 
Levi 9:7 And he taught me the law of the priesthood, of sacrifices, 
whole burnt offerings, first-fruits, freewill-offerings, peace offerings. 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 
2:2 Alien nations ascended thine altar, 
They trampled it proudly with their sandals. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C.-70 A.D. 

1:3 For because of the trespass of those who forsook him he hid his 
face from Israel and from his sanctuary and gave them over to the sword. 

14:1 Noman shall send to the altar burnt-offering or meat-offering 
or frankincense or wood through the hand of a man (that is) unclean 
through any of the uncleannesses allowing him to defile the altar, for it 
is written: ‘‘The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination, but the 
prayer of the righteous is like an offering of delight.” 


IV Esdras, 100-136 A.D. 
10:21, 22 For thou seest how 
our sanctuary is laid waste, 
our altar thrown down; 
our Temple destroyed, 
our harp laid low. 
22 Our song is silenced, 
our rejoicing ceased; 
the light of our lamp is extinguished, 
the ark of our covenant is spoiled; 
our holy things are defiled, 
the name that is called upon us is profaned. 


10:44, 45 This woman, whom you saw, is Sion, whom now you 
see as a builded city; 45 and whereas she said to you that she was 
barren thirty years: the reason is that there were three thousand years 
in the world before any offering was offered in (it). 


D. Tur TEACHING oFf JESUS 


E. Moprern LITERATURE 
S.H. ERK, art. “Worship”; H. HRE, art. “‘Worship,” especially 
pp. 762-76. 


130 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


4. CIRCUMCISION 


A. THe JOHANNINE TEACHING 
Jn 7:22, 23. (See under 1, A, p. 24.) 


B. Tuer Synoptic TEACHING 


Lk 1:59 And on the eighth day they came to circumcise the 
child [7. LI]. 

Lk 2:21 And when eight days had elapsed, which were required 
before his circumcision, he was given the name Jesus [10. LI]. 


C. Tue VIEws OF JEWISH WRITERS 


I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
IV Maccabees, 63 B.C-388 A.D. 


4:25 Even women for circumcising their sons, though they knew 
beforehand what would be their fate, were flung, together with their 
offspring, headlong from the rocks. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 


Circumcision 2 (3:176) I look upon circumcision as a symbol of 
two things of the most indispensable importance. First of all it is a 
symbol of the excision of the pleasures which delude the mind. .... 
The second thing is, that it is a symbol of a man’s knowing himself, 
and discarding that terrible disease, the vain opinion of the soul. .... 


II. PALESTINIAN 
Jubilees, 135-105 B.C. 


15:26, 27 And every one that is born, the flesh of whose foreskin 
is not circumcised on the eighth day, belongs not to the children of the 
covenant which the Lord made with Abraham, but to the children of 
destruction; nor is there, moreover, any sign on him that he is the 
Lord’s, but (he is destined) to be destroyed and slain from the earth, 
and to be rooted out of the earth, for he has broken the covenant of 
the Lord our God. 27 For all the angels of the presence and all the 
angels of sanctification have been so created from the day of their 
creation. 

15:33,34 NowTJI announce to you that the children of Israel will not 
keep true to this ordinance, and they will not circumcise their sons 
according to all this law. 34 And there will be great wrath from the 
Lord against the children of Israel, because they have forsaken his 
covenant and turned aside from his word, and provoked and blasphemed, 
inasmuch as they do not observe the ordinance of this law (of circum- 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 131 


cision); for they have treated their members like the Gentiles so that 
they may be removed and rooted out of the land. And there will no 
more be pardon or forgiveness for them .... for all the sin of this 
eternal error. 

D. THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Moprern LITERATURE 


Rosenau, Jewish Ceremonial Institutions and Customs; art. ‘‘Cir- 
cumcision,” H. BD; art. ‘Circumcision,’ H. ERE. 


8. THE MUTUAL RELATIONS OF MEN IN SOCIETY 
1, JUSTICE AND MERCY 
A. THe JOHANNINE TEACHING 
B. Tur Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 1:40, 41 And there came to him a leper entreating him and 
saying, If you will you can make me clean. 41 And being touched 
with pity he stretched forth his hand and said to him, I will, be made 
clean [27. Mt 8:1, 2; Lk 5:12]. : 

Mk 2:23-28 [81]. (See under 7, 1, B, p. 121.) 

Mk 3:1-6 [82]. (See under 7, 1, B, p. 122.) 

Mk 10:17-21 And as he was starting out on a journey, a man 
ran to him and kneeling down asked him, Good teacher, what shall I 
do to obtain eternal life? 18 And Jesus said to him, Why do you 
call me good ? no one is good except one, even God. 19 You know the 
commandments, Do not kill, Do not commit adultery, Do not steal, 
Do not bear false witness, Do not defraud, Honor thy father and 
mother. 20 And he said to him, Teacher, all these things I have 
observed from my youth. 21 And Jesus looked upon him and loved 
him, and said to him, One thing you lack; go, sell all that you have and 
give it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; then come, 
follow me [137. Mt 19:16-21; Lk 18:18-22]. 


Lk 6:30-36 Give to every one that asks you for anything, and 
from him that takes away your property ask it not back. 31 And as 
you wish that men should do to you, do likewise to them. 32 And 
if you love those that love you, what credit is that to you? for even 
the sinners love those that love them. 33 And if you do good to those 
that do good to you, what credit is that to you? for even the sinners do 
that. 34 And if you lend to those from whom you expect the return of 
the loan, what credit is that to you? For sinners also lend to sinners 
that they may receive back as much as they lend. 35 But do you 
love your enemies and do good and lend, expecting nothing in return, 


132 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


and your reward will be great and you will be sons of the Highest, 
because he is kind to the unthankful and wicked. 36 Be merciful as 
your Father is merciful [37. G; Mt 5:42-48 (M or G); 7:12 (42. M)]. 
(See under 5, B, pp. 95, 96.) 

Lk 11:42 But woe to you Pharisees, because you pay tithes of the 
mint and the rue and every herb, but you neglect justice and the love 
of God.1 But these latter you ought to have done without leaving the 
other undone [109. P; Mt 23:23 (157)]. 


Lk 14:12-14 [123. P]. (See under 8, 4, B, p. 137.) 

Lk 16:19-26 Now there was a rich man who was clothed in purple 
and fine linen, and lived a gay and luxurious life. 20 And a poor man 
named Lazarus was laid at his door, full of sores, 21 and desiring to be 
filled with what fell from the rich man’s table. And not only so but 
the dogs used to come and lick his sores. 22 And after a time the poor 
man died and was carried by the angels into the arms of Abraham. And 
the rich man also died and was buried. 23 And in Hades lifting up his 
eyes, being in torments, he saw Abraham afar off and Lazarus in his 
arms. 24 And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, 
and send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my 
tongue, because I am in anguish in this flame. 25 But Abraham said, 
Remember, child, that you had your fill of your good things in your life, 
and Lazarus likewise of the evil things. And now he is comforted here, 
and you are in anguish. 26 Besides all this, between us and you a 
great gulf has been immovably fixed, that those who wish to do so may 
not be able to cross from us to you or from you to us [180. P]. 

Lk 19:2, 8-10 There was a man named Zaccheus, who was a 
chief tax-collector, and was rich..... 8 And Zaccheus stood and 
said to the Lord, See, Lord, I shall give half of my goods to the poor, 
and if I have extorted money from any one, I shall pay him back four 
times as much. 9 And Jesus said to him, Today salvation has come to 
this house, forasmuch as you yourself are? a son of Abraham. 10 For 
the Son of man came to seek and save that which was lost [142. P]. 


Mt 6:2-4 When therefore you give alms, do not blow a trumpet 
before you, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets 
that they may be praised by men. In very truth I tell you, they have 
received their reward. 3 But when you do alms, let not your left hand 
know what your right hand is doing, 4 that your alms may be in secret. 
And your Father who sees what is done in secret will reward you [88. M]. 


1Mt 23:23 reads. “but you have left undone the weightier matters of the law, 
justice, and mercy, and faith (or faithfulness).”’ 


2 Most authorities read: ‘‘he himself is,’’ 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 133 


Mt 7:12 Whatever, therefore, you wish that men should do to you, 
even so do also to them: for this is the law and the prophets [42. M]. 
(Cf. Lk 6:31 [G] above.) 


C. Tue Virws or JEwisH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II. PALESTINIAN 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Zeb. 5:1-5. And now, my children, I bid you to keep the com- 
mands of the Lord, and to show mercy to your neighbors, and to have 
compassion towards all, not towards men only, but also towards beasts. 
For all this thing’s sake the Lord blessed me, and when all my brethren 
were sick, I escaped without sickness, for the Lord knoweth the purposes 
of each. Have, therefore, compassion in your hearts, my children, 
because even as a man doeth to his neighbor, even so also will the - 
Lord do to him. For the sons of my brethren were sickening and were 
dying on account of Joseph, because they showed not mercy in their 
hearts; but my sons were preserved without sickness, as ye know. 
And when I was in the land of Canaan, by the sea-coast, I made a 
catch of fish for Jacob my father; and when many were choked in the 
sea, I continued unhurt. 


D. Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 
Stevens, Teaching, chap. xi; Glover, Jesus, chap. vi. 


2. RESISTANCE AND REVENGE; THE USE OF FORCE 
AGAINST EVIL 


A. Tue JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 2:13-17. (See under 6, A, p. 110.) 
Jn 18:3-11 Judas, therefore, having received the band of soldiers 
and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, came thither with 


lanterns and torches and weapons. 4 Jesus, therefore ... . said to 
them, Whom are you seeking? 5 They answered him, Jesus of Naza- 
reth. He said to them, [amhe..... 6 When, therefore, he said to 


them, I am he, they went back and fell to the ground. 7 Again, 
therefore, he asked them, Whom are you seeking? And they said, 
Jesus of Nazareth. 8 Jesus answered, I told you that I am he. If, 
therefore, you are seeking me, let these go..... 10 Simon Peter, 
therefore, having a sword, drew it and struck the high priest’s servant 
and cut off his right ear. And the name of the servant was Malchus. 


134 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 
11 Jesus therefore said to Peter, Put up the sword into the sheath; 
the cup which my Father gave me, shall I not drink it? 

Jn 18:22, 23 And.... one of the officers standing by struck 
Jesus with his hand, saying, Is that the way you answer the high priest ? 
23 Jesus answered him, If I spoke evil, testify concerning the evil, 
but if well, why do you strike me? 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mt 5:38-42 You have heard that 
it was said, Eye for eye and tooth 
for tooth, 39 but I say to you, 
Resist not him that is evil, but if a 
man strikes you on the right cheek, 
turn him the other also. 40 And 
if a man wishes to sue you and 
take away your coat, let him have 
your overcoat also. 41 And who- 
ever forces you to go one mile, 
go with him two. 42 Give to 
the man that asks you for any- 
thing, and do not turn away from 
the man who wishes to borrow 


Lk 6:27-30 But I say to you that 
hear, Love your enemies, do good 
to those that hate you, 28 bless 
those that curse you, pray for 
those who abuse you. 29 If a 
man strikes you upon the right 
cheek, offer him the other also, 
and if anyone takes away your 
overcoat, do not refuse to give 
him your coat also. 30 Give to 
him that asks you for anything, 
and from him that takes away 
your goods, ask them not back 
(37. Gl. 


of you [37. M or G]. 


Mt 5:21-24 You have heard that it was said to the ancients, You 
shall not commit murder, and whoever shall commit murder shall be 
in danger of the judgment. 22 But I say to you that every one that is 
angry with his brother shall be answerable to the court, and whoever 
shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be answerable to the Sanhgdrin, 
and whoever says, You fool, shall be liable to be cast into the Gehenna 
of fire. 23 If, therefore, you are offering your gift upon the altar and 
while doing so you remember that you have wronged your brother, 
24 leave there your gift before the altar. Go first and be reconciled to 
your brother, and then come back and go on with the offering of your 
gift (87. M]. 


C. Tur Vinws or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Letier of Aristeas, after 130 B.C. 


148 They must be just and effect nothing by violence, and refrain 
from tyrannizing over others in reliance on their own strength. 
168 Our law forbids us to injure anyone either by word or deed. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 136 


ITI Enoch, 1-60 A.D, 


50:4 If ill-requitals befall you, return them not either to neighbor 
or enemy, because the Lord will return them for you and be your 
avenger on the day of great judgment, that there be no avenging here 


among men. 
II. PALESTINIAN 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Gad 6:7 If he be shameless and persist in his wrong-doing even 
so forgive him from the heart, and leave to God the avenging. 

Jos. 18:2 If any one seeks to do you evil, do well to him, and pray 
for him, and you shall be redeemed by the Lord from all evil. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C-70 A.D. 


10:2 As for that which he has said: ‘‘Thou shalt not take venge- 
ance nor bear a grudge against the children of thy people,” every man of 
those who have entered into the covenant, who brings a charge against 
his neighbor whom he has not rebuked before witnesses, and yet brings 
it in his fierce wrath or recounts it to his elders in order to bring him 
into contempt, is taking vengeance and bearing a grudge. 

10:6 As regards the oath, touching that which he said ‘‘Thou 
shalt not avenge thee with thine own hand,” the man who makes 
another man swear in open field—that is, not in the presence of the 
judges, or owing to their commands—has avenged himself with his own 


hand. 
D. THe TEACHING oF JESUS 


E. Mopern Literature 


Montefiore, Synoptic Gospels, pp. 512 ff.; Plummer, Matthew, p. 86; 
Tolstoi, My Religion; Burton and Mathews, Life of Jesus, p. 105. 


3. MUTUAL ESTEEM AND CONSIDERATION 
A. THE JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 13:1-5, 12-15 Now before the feast of the Passover, Jesus, 
knowing that his hour had come to depart out of this world and go to 
the Father, having loved his own who were in the world loved them 
to the end. 2 And as supper was coming on, the devil having put it into 
the heart of Judas Iscariot, son of Simon, to betray him, 3 knowing that 
the Father had given all things into his hands, and that he had come 
from God and was returning to him, 4 he rose from the supper table, and 
laid aside his outer garments and taking a towel girded it about him. 
5 Then he poured water into the bowl and began to wash the feet of the 
disciples, and to wipe them with the towel with which he was girded. 


136 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


. 12 When therefore he had washed their feet and had put on his 
garments, and resumed his place at the table, he said to them, Do 
you know what I have done for you? 13 You call me, Lord, and 
Master, and it is well that you do, for such I] am _ 14 If then I, the 
Lord and Master, have washed your feet, you ought also to wash one 
another’s feet. 15 For I have given you an example, showing you in what 
I have done for you what you should do for one another. 


B. Tur Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 10:18-16 [136]. (See under 6, B, p. 116.) 
Mk 10:385-45 [140]. (See under 6, B, p. 117.) 
Mk 14:37-41 [174]. (See under 6, B, p. 118.) 


Lk 10:30-37 [103. P]. (See under 4, B, p. 87.) 

Lk 14:7-11 And he spoke a rene to the guests, when he noneed 
how they chose for themselves the best places. And hesaid, 8 When you 
are invited to a wedding feast, do not take the best place, lest perchance 
a more distinguished guest has been invited, 9 and the host shall come 
and say to you, Give your place to this man, and you will begin with 
shame to take the place at the foot of the table. But when you are 
invited, go and take your place at the foot of the table, that when the 
host comes he may say to you, Friend, come, take a better place. 
Then you will be honored in the presence of all the guests. 11 For 
every one that exalts himself shall be humbled, and he that humbles 
himself shall be exalted [123. P]. 

Lk 14:12-14 [123. P]. (See under 8, 4, B, p. 188.) 


Mt 7:1-5 Judge not, that you may not be judged. 2 For as 
you judge others you will yourselves be judged, and as you deal out 
judgment to others it will be dealt to you. 3 And why do you take 
notice of the speck that is in your brother’s eye and pay no attention to 
the beam that is nm your own eye? 4 Or how can you say to your 
brother, Let me take the speck out of your eye, when there is a beam in 
your own eye. 5 Hypocrite, first get the beam out of your own eye, 
and then you will have clear vision to remove the speck from your 
brother’s eye [40. M or G]. 


C. THE Views OF JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Il. PALESTINIAN 
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Reub. 6:9 1 adjure you by the God of heaven to do truth each one 
unto his neighbor and to entertain love each one for his brother. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 136 


Sim. 4:7 Do ye also, my children, love each one his brother with 
a good heart, and the spirit of envy will withdraw from you. 

Iss. 5:2 But love the Lord and your neighbor, have compassion 
on the poor and weak. 

Iss. 7:6 LIloved the Lord; likewise also every man with all my heart. 

Gad 6:1 And now, my children, I exhort you, love each one his 
brother, and put away hatred from your hearts, love one another in 
deed and in word, and in the inclination of the soul. 

Gad 6:3 Love ye one another from the heart; and if a man sin 
against thee, speak peaceably to him, and in thy soul hold not guile; 
and if he repent and confess, forgive him. 

Gad 7:7 Put away, therefore, jealousy from your souls, and love 
one another with uprightness of heart. 

Benj. 3:3, 4 Fear ye the Lord, and love your neighbor; and even 
though the spirits of Beliar claim you to afflict you with every evil, 
yet shall they not have dominion over you. .... 4.... For he that 
feareth God and loveth his neighbor can not be smitten by the spirit of 
Beliar, being shielded by the fear of God. Nor can he be ruled over 
by the device of men or beasts, for he is helped by the Lord through 
the love which he hath towards his neighbor. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C—70 A.D. 
8:17 To love every one his brother as himself, and to strengthen 
the hand of the poor and the needy and the stranger, and to seek every 
one the peace of his brother. 


D. Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 
Ward, chap. v.; Mathews, Church and the Changing Order, chap. iv. 


4. THE ACQUISITION AND USE OF PROPERTY 


A. THE JOHANNINE TEACHING 
Jn 6:26, 27 Jesus answered them, In very truth, I tell you, you 
seek me not because you saw me doing signs, but because you ate 
of the bread and were satisfied. 27 Work no longer for the food that 
perishes, but for the food that endures and gives eternal life—the food 
which the Son of man will give to you; for on him has the Father, 
even God, set the seal of his approval. 


B. THe Synoptic TEACHING 
Mk 10:17—380 [137]. (See under 4, B, p. 84.) 
Mk 12:38a, 40 Beware of the scribes ....40 who consume 
widows’ houses and as a cloak (of their iniquity) make long prayers 
[156. Lk 20:46, 471 


138 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mk 12:41-44 And sitting down over against the temple treasury 
he watched the people putting their money into it. And many who 
were rich put in large gifts. 42 And there came a poor widow and put. 
in two little coins worth a cent. 43 And he called his disciples and said 
to them, Of a truth I tell you that this poor widow has put in more than 
_all the rest of those who are putting money into the treasury. 44 For 
they all put in out of their surplus, but she out of what she lacked put in 
all that she had, her whole living [159. Lk 21:1-4]. 


Lk 6:20 Blessed are you poor, for yours is the kingdom of God 
[35. G; Mt 5:3 G or M]. 
Lk 6:30-86 [837 G]. (See under 8, 1, B, p. 181.) 


Lk 12:138-21 And one of the multitude said to him, Teacher, Tell 
my brother to divide the inheritance with me. 14 And he said to him, 
Man who appointed me to be judge or arbitrator over you? 15 And 
he said to them, Take heed and beware of covetousness in all its forms, 
because a man does not achieve life from his possessions by having an 
abundance of them. 16 And he spoke a parable to them, saying, The 
farm of a certain rich man yielded a large crop. 17 And he reasoned 
with himself saying, What shall I do, because I have not storage room 
for the products of my farm? 18 And he said, This I will do: I will 
pull down my storehouses and.will build larger ones, and in them I 
will store all my grain, and my goods. 19 And I will say to my 
soul, Soul, you have ample possessions laid up for many years. 
Take. your ease, eat, drink, be merry. 20 And God said to him, 
Fool! This night you will be called upon to give up your life. And the 
things that you have amassed—to whom will they go? 21 So is he 
that lays up treasure for himself and is not rich toward God [112. P]. 

Lk 12:22-34 [113. P]. (See under 4, p. 87.) 

Lk 14:12-14 And he said to his host, When you give a luncheon or 
dinner, do not invite your friends, or your brothers, or your relatives, 
or your rich neighbors, for they will just return the invitation and 
pay off their debt. 13 But when you give a feast, invite poor people, 
cripples, lame, blind. 14 And you will be blessed, because they can not 
pay you back; but you will get your reward in the resurrection of the 
righteous [123. P]. 

Lk 16:14, 15 And the Pharisees, who were lovers of money, 
heard all these things, and they scoffed at him. 15 And he said to them, 
You count yourselves righteous tn the sight of men, but God knows your 
hearts, because that which stands high among men is an abomination 
in the sight of God [129. P]. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 139 


Lk 16:19-26 [130. P]. (See under 8, 1, B, p. 132.) 
Lk 19:2, 8-10 [142. P]. (See under 8, 1, B, p. 182.) 
Lk 19:12-26 [143. P]. (See under 2, B, p. 54.) 


Mt 6:2-4 [38. M]. (See under 8, 1, B, p. 132.) 


C. Tue Views or JEwisH WRITERS 


I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II Enoch, 1-50 A.D. 


50:5 Whoever of you spends gold or silver for his brother’s sake 
he will receive ample treasure in the world to come. 

51:1, 2 Stretch out your hands to the poor according to your 
strength. 2 Hide not your silver in the earth. Help the faithful 
man in affliction, and affliction will not find you in the time of your 
trouble. 

Philo, 156-45 A.D. 


Three Virtues 3 (8:414) The virtuous man wants but little, being 
placed as it were on the borders between the immortal and the mortal 
nature, having wants indeed by reason of his body’s being mortal, and his 
freedom from extravagance; because his soul is continually longing 
for immortality. 


II. PALESTINIAN 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Iss. 4:2 The simple minded man does not covet gold. 
He does not overreach his neighbor. 
He does not long after manifold dainties. 
He does not delight in varied apparel. 


Benj. 6:2 He (the good man) does not gaze passionately on con- 
temptible things, nor does he gather together riches through a desire of 
pleasure. 

I Enoch (Part IIT), ca. 110 B.C. 


94:8 Woe to you, you rich, for you have trusted in your riches, 
And from your riches shall you depart, 
Because you have not remembered the Most High in the days of 
your riches. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C.-70 A.D. 


13:25 No man shall suffer himself to be polluted for the sake of 
gain or wealth on the Sabbath. 


140 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


14:7, 8 None shall stretch out his hand to shed the blood of any 
man from among the Gentiles for the sake of wealth or gain. 8 Nor 
shall he take aught of their wealth, lest they blaspheme. 


IT Baruch, 50-100 A.D. 


19:8 Though each one were prospered all that time .... and 
in his end was destroyed, in vain would have been everything. 


D. THe TRACHING oF JESUS 


E. Moprrn LITERATURE 
Mathews, Social Teaching, chap. vi; Peabody, chaps. iv—vi. 


5. OATHS AND TRUTHFULNESS 
A. Tue JOHANNINE TEACHING 


B. Tse Synoptic TEACHING 


Mt 26:63, 64 And the high Mk 14:61, 62 The high priest 
priest said to him, I adjure you asked him, Are you the Christ 
by the living God that you tell the Son of the Blessed? 62 And 
us whether you are the Christ, Jesus said, I am [176]. 

the Son of God. 64 Jesus said to 

him, You have said it [176]. 


Mt 5:33-37 Again you have heard that it was said to the ancients, 
You shall not break your oaths, but shall render to the Lord what you 
havesworn. 34 But I say to you not to swear at all: neither by heaven, 
for it is the throne of God; 35 nor by the earth, for it is the footstool 
of his feet; nor by Jerusalem, because it is the city of the Great King. 
_ 86 And do not swear by your head, because you can not make one hair 
black or white. 37 But let your language be a simple yes or no. 
Whatever is more than that springs from evil [87. G or M]. 

Mt 23:16-22 Woe to you, blind guides who say, Whoever shall 
swear by the sanctuary, it is nothing; but whoever shall swear by the 
gold of the sanctuary is bound by his oath. 17 Fools and blind, for 
which is greater, the gold or the sanctuary that made the gold holy? 
18 And you say, Whoever shall swear by the altar, he is bound by his 
oath. 19 Blind men! for which is greater, the gift or the altar that 
makes the gift holy? 20 He therefore that swears by the altar swears 
by it and by everything that is on it. 21 And he that swears by the 
sanctuary swears by it and by him that dwells in it. 22 And he that 
swears by heaven swears by the throne of God and by him that sits 
upon it [157. M] 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 141 


C. Tue Views or JEwIsH WRITERS 


I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
IT Enoch, 1-60 A.D. 


49:1 I swear to you, my children, but I swear not by an oath, 
neither by heaven, nor by earth, nor by any other creature which 
God created. 

The Lord said: ‘‘There is no oath in me, nor injustice, but truth.” 
If there is no truth in men, let them swear by the words, ‘‘yea, yea”’ 
or else “‘nay, nay.”’ 

Philo, 16-45 A.D. 

Ten Com. 17 (3:155) Next to not swearing at all, the second best 
thing is to keep one’s oath; for by the mere fact of swearing at all, the 
swearer shows that there is some suspicion of his not being trustworthy. 

Spec. Laws 1 (8:255) The word of the virtuous man... . shall 
be his oath, firm, unchangeable, which cannot lie, founded steadfastly 
on truth. 

Spec. Laws 3 (3:257) But if anyone, being compelled to swear, 
swears by anything whatever in a manner which the law does not for- 
bid, let him exert himself with all his strength and by every means in 
his power to give effect to his oath. .... For an oath is nothing else 
but the testimony of God invoked in a matter which is a subject of 
doubt, and to invoke God to witness to a statement which is not true is 
the most impious of all things. 


II, PALESTINIAN 
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Reub. 6:9 I adjure you by the God of heaven to do truth each one 
to his neighbor. 

Dan 1:3 I have proved in my heart, and in my whole life, that 
truth with just dealing is good and well pleasing to God, and that lying 
and anger are evil, because they teach men all wickedness. 

Dan 2:1 Unless you keep yourselves from the spirit of lying and 
anger, and love truth and long-suffering, you shall perish. 

Dan 5:2 Speak truth each one with his neighbor. 

Asher 6:1 Take heed, therefore, you also, my children; to the com- 
mandments of the Lord, following the truth with singleness of face. 

Benj. 10:3 Do you, therefore, truth each one to his neighbor, 
and keep the law of the Lord and his commandments. 


I Enoch (Part II, Similitudes), 94-64 B.C. 


69:14 This (angel) requested Michael to show him the hidden 
name, that he might enunciate it in the oath, so that those might 


142 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


quake before that name and oath who revealed all that was in secret to 
the children of men 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C.-70 A.D. 


9:23 Not for your righteousness, or for the uprightness of your 
heart, do you go in to inherit those nations, but because he loved your 
fathers and because he would keep the oath. 

19:3 If he swears and transgresses he profanes the Name. 

20:5 No binding oath, which a man imposes upon himself with a 
view to perform a commandment of the law, shall he cancel even at the 
risk of death. 

D. THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LireErRATURE 
H. ERE, art. “Oath”; S.H. ERK, art. “Oath.” 


6. CHASTITY, MARRIAGE, AND DIVORCE! 
A. THe JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 4:16-18 He says to her, Go, call your husband, and come back 
here. 17 The woman answered him, I haven’t a husband. Jesus says 
to her, You say well, I haven’t a husband; 18 for you have had five 
husbands, and now the man you have is not your husband. This part 
of what you said is true. 

Jn 8:41 You do the works of your father. They said to him, 
We were not begotten from fornication. We have one Father, God. 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 
Mk 10:2-12 And [Pharisees coming to him], trying to trap him,? 
asked him if it was lawful for a husband to divorce his wife 3 And he 
answered them, What did Moses command you? 4 And they said, 
Moses permitted a man to write a separation-notice, and to send his 
wife away.4. 5 But Jesus said to them, In concession to your hard- 
ness of heart he wrote you this commandment. 6 But from the begin- 


1 For references to family life other than those pertaining to chastity, marriage, and 
divorce, see Jn 2:1-11; 11:1-44; Mk 10:13-16 (under 6, B, p. 116); Luke, chaps. 1, 2 
(for Lk 2:40—-52, see under 6, B, p. 119); 7:11-17; 9:59-61 (under 10, B, p. 174) 
Lk 12:53; 14:26; Matthew, chaps. 1, 2; 10:36. 


2Mt 19:3 omits: ‘‘trying to trap him.” 3 Mt 19:3 adds: “for every cause.” 


4 Deut 24:1-4 reads: ‘‘When a man takes a wife, and marries her, then if she 
finds no favor in his eyes, because he has found some unseemly thing in her, he shall 
write her a bill of divorcement, and give it to her, and send her out of his house. And 
when she has left his house, she may go and become another man’s wife. And if the 
second husband hate her and write her a bill of divorcement, and give it to her and send 
her out of his house; or if the second husband die, her former husband, who sent her 
away, may not again take her to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomina- 
tion before Jehovah.” 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHtIcs 143 


ning of creation he made them male and female. 7 For this cause shall 
a man leave his father and mother. 8 And the two shall become one 
flesh,! so that they are no longer two but one flesh. 9 What therefore 
God has yoked together let not man separate. 10 And when they had 
come into the house his disciples again asked him about this matter. 
11 And he said to them, Whoever shall put away his wife and marry 
another, commits adultery with her. 12 And if a wife puts away her 
husband and marries another she commits adultery? [135. Mt 19:3-9]. 


Mt 5:31, 32 And it was said, Lk 16:18 Whoever puts away his 
Whoever puts away his wife wife and marries another com- 
shall give a written notice of mits adultery; and whoever mar- 
separation. 382 But I tell you ries a woman who has been put 
that whoever puts away his wife away from her husband commits 
except for unchastity forces her adultery [129. P]. 

to. become an adulteress. And 

whoever marries 2 woman who has 

been put away from her husband 

commits adultery [87. P]. 


Mt 5:27-29 You have heard that it was said, Do not commit 
adultery. 28 But I say to you that if a married man looks at a woman 
to stimulate desire to possess her, he has already committed adultery 
with her in his heart. 29 And if your right eye causes you to sin, 
pluck it out and throw it away; it is profitable for you to lose one of 
your members rather than to have the whole body thrown into Gehenna 
(37. M]. 

Mt 19:10-12 And his disciples said to him, If that is a man’s 
situation in relation to his wife, it is not expedient to marry. 11 And 
he said, Not all can receive this saying, but those to whom it is given. 
12 For there are eunuchs who were so from birth, and there are some 
that have been made so by men, and there are some who have become 
so of their own will for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. Let him 
receive it who is able {135. M2? (?)]. 


Jn 8:3-11? And the scribes and Pharisees brought to him a woman 
who had been found committing adultery. 4 And setting her inthe 


1 Mt 19:4, 5 reads: ‘‘Have you not read, The Creator from the beginning made 
them male and female, and said, For this cause shall a man leave his father and 
mother and cleave to his wife.’ 

2 Mt 19:9 omits Mark’s verse 12 and adds verses 10-12; see below. 

3 This passage, though found in some manuscripts of the Fourth Gospel, and in 
some after Lk 1:38, is not properly a part of any of the canonical gospels. It is more 
akin to the Synoptic Gospels than to the Fourth. 


144 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


midst, they said to him, Teacher, this woman was found in the very act 
of adultery. 5 Now in the law Moses commanded us to stone such a 
woman. What do you say? ....6 And Jesus stooping down went 
on writing on the ground with his finger. 7 And when they continued 
asking him, he looked up and said, Let him among you who is without 
sin,! be the first to throw a stone at her. 8 And again stooping down 
he went on with his writing on the ground. 9 And they, hearing 
what he said, went out one by one, beginning with the oldest, and he 
was left alone with the woman in the midst. 10 And looking up Jesus 
said to her, Woman, where are they? Did no one condemn you? 
11 And she said, No one, sir. And Jesus said to her, Neither do I 
condemn you, Go, and from this time on sin no more. 


C. Tue VIEWS oF JEWISH WRITERS 


I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Philo, 15-45 A.D. 


Spec. Laws 2 (8:305-6) Those men who are frantic in their desire 
for the wives of others .... and who live to the injury of their 
neighbors ... . violating all kinds of marriage vows . ... must be 
punished by death as common enemies of the whole race of mankind. 

Spec. Laws 3 (3:306) The law commands men not only to abstain 
from the wives of others, but also from certain relations. 

Spec. Laws 5 (8:310) Again, Moses commands, Do not form a 
connection of marriage with one of another nation. 

Spec. Laws 9 (3:316) According to the injunctions of the sacred 
scriptures the constitution of the law does not recognize a harlot; as 
being a person alienated from good order, and modesty, and chastity, 
and all other virtues. 


Josephus, 75-100 A.D. 


Life 75, 76 At his (Vespasian’s) command, I married a virgin 
from among the captives of that country. But she did not live with 


me long, but was divorced..... However I married another wife 
at Alexandria. .... 76... . About which time I divorced my wife 
also, not being pleased with her behavior, but not till she had become 
the mother of three children. ... . After this I married a wife who 


had lived in Crete, but a Jewess by birth, a woman of eminent parents. 
.... By her I had two sons. 

Ant. iv. 253 (viii. 23) Ifa man desires for any cause to be divorced 
from a wife who has lived with him (and many such causes happen 
among men), let him in writing give assurance that he will never use 


1 Or, ‘‘who can not sin.” 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 145 


her as his wife any more, for by this means she may be at liberty to 
marry another husband, although before the bill of divorce be given she 
is not to be permitted to do so. But if she be misused by him also, or 
if, when he is dead, her first husband would marry her again, it shall not 
be lawful for her to return to him. 

Ant. xv. 259 (vii. 10) And some time afterward it fell out that 
Salome quarreled with Costobarus, and sent him a writing, dissolving 
her marriage, not in accordance with the laws of the Jews. For with us it 
is lawful for a husband to do this, but not for a wife who has parted from 
her husband on her own motion, unless her former husband consents. 


II. PALESTINIAN 


Jubilees, 185-105 B.C. 


20:4 If any woman or maid commit fornication amongst you, 
burn her with fire, and let them not commit fornication with her after 
their eyes and their heart; and let them not take to themselves wives 
from the daughters of Canaan. 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Reub. 6:4 In fornication there is neither understanding nor 
godliness, and all jealousy dwells in the lust thereof. 

Jud. 15:1, 2 He that commits fornication is not aware when he 
suffers loss, and is not ashamed when put to dishonor. 2 For even 
though a man be a king and commit fornication, he is stripped of his 
kingship by becoming the slave of fornication. 

Jos. 6:7 The wickedness of the ungodly has no power over those 
that worship God with chastity. 

Jos. 9:2 God loves him who in a den of wickedness combines 
fasting with chastity, rather than the man who in king’s chambers 
combines luxury with license. 

Jos. 10:2 If you follow after chastity and purity with patience 
and prayer... . the Lord will dwell among you, because he loves 
chastity. 

Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C-70 A.D. 


3:2 To walk uprightly in all his ways and not to go about in the 
thoughts of an evil imagination and (with) eyes (full) of fornication. 

6:11 The first (of the three nets of Belial) is fornication. 

7:11 So the law of intercourse for males is written, and the same 
law holds for females. 

9:17 They committed trespass every man against his next of kin, 
and drew near to unchastity. 


146 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


D. Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Movern LITERATURE 


Mielziner, Jewish Law of Marriage and Divorce, pp. 108-29*; 
Amram, Jewish Law of Divorce*; Mathews, Social Teaching, chap. 
iv; Peabody, chap. iv; Burton, ‘Biblical Teaching Concerning 
Divorce,” BW (February and March, 1907); Hunter, art. “Social 
Life,” H. DCG. 


9. THE RELATIONS OF MEN TO GOD 


1. REPENTANCE AND FORGIVENESS; JUDGMENT AND 
ACCEPTANCE WITH GOD 


A. THe JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 3:1-6 Now there was in Jerusalem a Pharisee whose name was 
Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews, 2 who came to Jesus at night and said to 
him, Rabbi, we know that you have come from God as a teacher, for 
no one can do these signs which you do unless God is with him. 3 Jesus 
answered him, In very truth I tell you, Unless a man is born anew, he 
can not see the kingdom of God. 4 Nicodemus said to him, How can a 
man be born when he is old? Can he enter a second time into his 
mother’s womb and be born? 5 Jesus answered, In very truth, I tell 
you, Unless a man is born of water and spirit he can not enter the king- 
dom of God. 6 That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which 
is born of the spirit is spirit. 

Jn 3:16-21, 86 For God so loved the world that he gave his only 
Son that everyone who should believe in him might not perish but 
have eternal life. 17 For God sent the Son into the world, not to judge 
the world but that the world might be saved through him. 18 He 
that believes in him is not judged. He that does not believe has already 
been judged, because he has not believed in the name of the only Son 
of God. 19 And this is the basis of judgment, that the light has come 
into the world, and men loved the darkness rather than the light; for 
their deeds were wicked. 20 For everyone whose practices are evil 
hates the light and does not come to the light lest the wickedness of his 
deeds should be exposed. 21 He who does the truth comes to the light 
that it may be made evident that his deeds have been done in God. 
. . . . 86 He who believes in the Son has eternai life. He who dis- 
obeys the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God rests upon him. 

Jn 5:28-29 The hour is coming in which all that are in the tombs 
shall hear his voice 29 and shall come forth, those who have done 
good, to a resurrection of life, and those whose practices have been evil, 
to a resurrection of judgment. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND E‘THICS 147 


Jn 8:21-24, 31-36 Again therefore he said to them, I am going 
away and you will seek me and will die in your sin. Where I go you 
can not come. 22 The Jews therefore said, Can it be that he will kill 
himself? Is that what he means by saying, Where I go you can not 
come? 23 And he said to them, You are from the lower world, I 
am from the upper world; you are from this world, I am not from this 
world. 24 I told you, therefore, that you would die in your sins, 
for unless you believe that I am (what I have said I am) you will die in 
VOUD'AINS):).%. 31 Jesus therefore said to the Jews who had believed 
him, If you continue in my teaching you are really disciples of mine. 
32 You will come to know the truth and the truth will make you free. 
33 They answered him, We are descendants of Abraham and have never 
been in bondage to anyone. What do you mean by saying we will 
become free? 384 Jesus answered them, In very truth I tell you that 
everyone who commits sin is a slave [of sin]. 35 And the slave does 
not remain in the house forever, it is only the Son that remains 
forever. 36 If then the Son shall make you free you will be actually 
free. 

Jn 9:1-3, 16, 31, 32, 39-41. (See under 5, p. 93.) 

Jn 12:31, 32, 35, 36, 44-49 Now is there a judgment of this world; 
now will the prince of this world be cast out. 32 And I, if I am lifted 
up from the earth, will draw all men to myself. .... 35 Jesus there- 
fore said to them, Yet for a little time the light is among you; walk while 
you have the light, that the darkness may not overtake you, and he 
that walks in darkness does not know where he is going. 36 While 
you have the light, believe in the light that you may become sons of 
Hentai. 44 He that believes in me believes not in me but in him 
that sent me, 45 and he who sees me sees him that sent me. 46 I 
have come as a light into the world that everyone who believes in me 
may not continue in the darkness. 47 And if anyone hears my words 
and does not keep them, it is not I that judge him; for I came not to 
judge the world but to save the world. 48 He that rejects me and 
does not receive my words has his judge. The word which I spoke, 
that will judge him, in the last day. 49 Because what I have spoken 
is not from myself but from the Father that sent me; he himself gave 
me a commandment what I should say and what I should speak. 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mt 4:17 Repent, for the king- Mk 1:15 The time is completed 

dom of heaven is near at hand [20]. and the kingdom of God is near 
at hand: repent and believe in 
the gospel [20]. 


148 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 

Mk 2:5-12a And Jesus seeing their faith said to the paralytic, Son, 
your sins are forgiven. 6 And some of the scribes were sitting there 
and reasoning in their minds: 7 Why does this man speak in this way? 
This is blasphemy; who can forgive sins except one, even God? 8 And 
Jesus immediately perceiving intuitively that they were reasoning 
in this way said to them, Why do you reason this way in your minds? 
9 Which is easier, to say to the paralytic, Your sins are forgiven, or to 
say, Arise, take up your pallet and go your way? 10 But that you may 
know that the Son of man has authority to forgive sins on the earth— 
he said to the paralytic—1l1 I say to you, Arise, take up your pallet, 
and go to your home. 12 And immediately he arose and took up his 
pallet and went out before them all [28. Mt 9:2-7; Lk 5:20-25]. 

Mk 3:28-30 Of a truth I tell you that men shall be forgiven all 
their sins and the blasphemies with which they blaspheme. 29 But 
whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit will never be forgiven, 
but is guilty of an eternal sin. 30 Now the reason for his saying this 
was that they said, He has an unclean spirit [50. Mt 12:31, 32; Lk 
12:10 (111. P); cf. under 3, B, p. 76]. 


Mt 13:11, 13-15 To you it has Mk 4:11, 12 To you has been 


been given to know the mysteries 
of the kingdom of heaven, but to 
them it has not been given. .... 
13 Therefore I speak to them in 
parables, because seeing they do 
not see and hearing they do not 
hear nor understand. 14 And in 
respect to them the prophecy of 
Isaiah is fulfilled, which says, 
You shall surely hear and by no 
means understand and you will 
certainly see and by no means 
perceive. 15 For the heart of this 
people has become stupid and the 
ears dull and they have closed 
their eyes lest perchance they 
should see with their eyes and 
hear with their ears and under- 
stand with their hearts and repent 
and I should heal them [53]. 


given the mystery of the kingdom 
of God; but to them, those that 
are outside, all things are done in 
parables, 12 that seeing they may 
see and not perceive, and hearing 
they may hear and not under- 
stand, lest perchance they should 
repent and be forgiven ([58. 
Lk 8:10]. 


Mk 6:11 And if any place does not receive you, nor hear you, 
when you go thence, wipe off the dust that is under your feet for a 


testimony to them [71. 


Mt 10:14; Lk 9:5]. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 149 

Mk 10:29, 30 [137]. (See under 4, B, p. 85.) 

Mk 11:12-14 And the next day, when they had come out from 
Bethany, he grew hungry, 13 and seeing a fig tree far off having leaves he 
came to it thinking perhaps he would find something on it. And 
coming to it he found nothing except leaves; for it was not the season of 


figs. 
[145. Mt 21:18, 19]. 


Mt 6:14, 15 For if you forgive 
men their trespasses, your heavy- 
enly Father will also forgive you, 
15 but if you do not forgive them, 
neither will your Father forgive 


14 And he said to it, Let no man eat fruit from you forever 


Mk 11:25 And when you pray, if 
you have anything against any- 
body, forgive him, that your 
Father who is in heaven may for- 
give you your trespasses [147]. 


your trespasses [388. M(?)]. 
Mk 12:1-11 [150]. (See under 2, B, p. 47.) 


Lk 10:10-15 And if in any city that you enter they do not receive 
you, go out into the streets of it, and say, 11 The very dust of your city 
that clings to our feet we wipe off. But know this, that the kingdom of 
God has come near to you. 121 tell you that in that day it will 
be more tolerable for Sodom than for that city. 18 Woe to you, 
Chorazin, woe to you, Bethsaida; because if in Tyre and Sidon there had 
been done the deeds of power that have been done in you, they would 
have repented in far less time than you have had. 14 But it will be 
more toierable for Tyre and Sidon in the judgment than for you. 15 
And you, Capernaum, will you be exalted to heaven? On the contrary 
you will go down to Hades [101. P; Mt 11:21-24 (47)]. 


Mt 6:12 And forgive us our debts 
as we also have forgiven our 
debtors. 


(See vss. 14, 15 above.) 

Lk 12:54-59 And he said to the multitudes, When you see a 
cloud rising in the west, immediately you say, There is a shower coming, 
and so it turns out. 55 And when you notice the south wind blowing, 
you say, It will be hot, and so it happens. 56 Hypocrites, the face of 
the earth and the heaven you know how to interpret, but how is it that 
you know not how to interpret this time? 57 And why do you not of 
yourselves judge what is right? 58 For while you are on your way with 
your adversary to the magistrates, do your best to secure release from 
him, lest perchance he drag you to the judge, and the judge deliver you 
to the officer, and the officer throw you into prison. 59 I tell you, you 


Lk 11:4 And forgive us our sins; 
for we ourselves forgive everyone 
who is indebted to us [105. P]. 


150 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


will not be released until you have paid the last mite [117. P; Mt 16:2,3 
(84); 5:25, 26 (37). 

Lk 13:23-29 But a certain man said to him, Sir, are there few 
that are saved? And he said to them, 24 Strive to enter through the 
narrow door, because many, I tell you, will seek to enter and will not 
be able. 25 When once the master of the house has risen up and closed 
the door, then you will stand outside and will begin to knock at the door 
saying, Master, open to us. And he will answer, I do not know where 
you come from. 26 Then you will begin to say, We ate and drank 
before you and you taught in our streets. 27 And he will say to you, 
I do not know where you come from; depart from me, all you workers of 
iniquity. 28 Then shall be the ,weeping and the gnashing of teeth, 
when you shall see Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and all the prophets in 
the kingdom of God and yourselves turned out. 29 And they will 
come from the east and the west, and from the north and the south and 
sit down in the kingdom of God [121. P; Mt 7:18, 14, 23 (43); 25:11b, 
12 (166); 8:11, 12 (45)]. 

Lk 18:34, 35 Jerusalem, Jerusalem, that slays the prophets and 
stones those that are sent to her! How often did I wish to gather your 
children as a hen gathers:-her brood under her wings and you would not. 
35 Your house is abandoned, and I tell you, you shall not see me until 
you shall say, Blessed is he that comes in the name of the Lord [122. P; 
Mt 23:37-89 (158)]. 

Lk 15:1-7 [125]. (See under 2, B, p. 52.) 


Lk 7:36-50 And one of the Pharisees asked him to eat with him, 
and he went into the house of the Pharisee and sat down to table. 
37 Now there was a woman of the town who was a sinner; and she 
heard that Jesus was dining in the house of the Pharisee; and having 
obtained an alabaster flask of perfumed oil, she came 38 and stood 
behind him at his feet weeping, and began to wet his feet with her tears 
and to wipe them with her hair. And she kissed his feet and anointed 
them with the ointment. 39 And when the Pharisee who had invited 
him to dinner saw this, he said to himself, If this man were a prophet he 
would have known what sort of woman this is that is touching him, 
for she is a sinner. 40 And Jesus said to him, Simon, I have something 
to say to you. And he said, Teacher, speak on. 41 A certain money- 
lender had two debtors: the one owed him five hundred denarii and the 
other fifty. 42 And because they had nothing to pay, he forgave them 
both from their obligation. Now which of them will love him more? 
43 Simon replied, I suppose the man to whom he forgave the more. 
And Jesus said, You have answered correctly. 44 And turning to the 
woman he said, Simon, do you see this woman? I came into your house, 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 151 


you gave me no water for my feet, but this woman has with her tears 
wet my feet and with her hair wiped them. 45 You did not kiss me, 
but this woman from the time I came in has not ceased to kiss my feet. 
46 You did not anoint my head with oil, but this woman has anointed 
my feet with perfumed oil. 47 Therefore I tell you, her many sins have 
been forgiven because she loved much; but he who has little forgiven, 
loves little. 48 And he said to her, Your sins have been forgiven. 
49 And his fellow guests said among themselves, Who is this man 
who even forgives sins? 50 And he said to the woman, Your faith 
has saved you, go and be at peace [48. G]. 

Lk 18:1-9 And, there were present at that time some who told 
him about the Galilaeans whose blood Pilate had mingled with their 
sacrifices! 2 And he said to them, Do you suppose that these Gali- 
laeans were worse sinners than all the rest of the Galilaeans because 
they have suffered these things? 3 Not at all, I tell you, but unless 
you repent, you will all perish in like manner. 4 And those eighteen 
upon whom the tower of Siloam fell and killed them, do you suppose 
that they were worse offenders than all the rest of the men that lived 
in Jerusalem? 5 Not at all, but unless you repent, you shall all perish 
in like manner. 6 And he spoke this parable: A certain man had a 
fig tree planted in his vineyard, and he looked for fruit on it and found 
none. 7 And he said to the vine-dresser, See here! for three years I 
have come looking for fruit on this fig tree and have found none. Cut it 
down; why should it occupy so much ground to no purpose? 8 But 
the vine-dresser answered and said, Master, let it alone this year also 
until I shall have dug up the ground and puton manure. 9 If thereafter 
it bears fruit, very well, but if not, you shall cut it down [118. P]. 

Lk 15:8-32 [126, 127]. (See under 2, B, p. 52.) © 

Lk 18:9-14 And to certain who trusted in themselves as being 
righteous and regarded other people as of no account, he spoke this 
parable: 10 Two men went up into the temple to pray, one a Pharisee 
and the other a publican. 11 The Pharisee stood and prayed with 
himself in these words, O God, I thank thee that I am not like the rest 
of men, robbers, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican. 12 I 
fast twice in the week, I tithe my whole income. 13 But the publican, 
standing far off, did not even lift up his eyes to heaven, but kept smiting 
his breast and saying, O God, be reconciled to me, the sinner. 14 I 
tell you that this publican went down to his house more approved by 
God than the other; because he that exalts himself will be humbled, 
and he that humbles himself will be exalted [134. P]. 

Lk 19:2, 8-10 [142]. (See under 8, 1, B, p. 132.) 


1That is, whom Pilate put to death when they had come to Jerusalem to offer 
sacrifices. 


152 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mt 5:17-20 Do not suppose that I came to destroy tne law or the 
prophets; I came not to destroy, but to fulfill. 18 For of a truth I tell 
you that until the heaven and the earth pass away, not the smallest 
letter or fraction of a letter shall pass from the law until all has been 
done. 19 Whoever therefore shall break one of these least command- 
ments and shall teach men to do so will be regarded as least in the 
kingdom of heaven, but whosoever shall observe them and shall teach 
others to do so will be regarded as great in the kingdom of heaven. 20 
For I say to you that unless your righteousness is greater than that of 
the scribes and Pharisees you will by no means enter the kingdom of 
heaven [386. M]. 

Mt 6:1 Beware of doing your righteous deeds before men to be 
seen by them; for if you do, you will have no reward with your Father 
who is in heaven [88. M; cf. vss. 2-6, 16-18 under 5, B, p. 98]. 

Mt 18:15-18 And if your brother commits a wrong, go and reprove 
him between you and him only. If he listens to you, you have won 
your brother. 16 If he does not listen, take with you one or two others, 
that in the mouths of two or three witnesses every word shall be estab- 
lished. 17 And if he will not listen to these, report the matter to the 
‘church; and if he will not listen to the church, let him be to you as 
the Gentile and the publican. 18 Of a truth I tell you that whatever 
things you bind upon earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever 
you loose upon earth will be loosed in heaven [96, 97. M and P; Lk 
1723, (LOL) SPI. 

Mt 18:21-35 Then Peter came and said to him, Lord, how often 
shall my brother wrong me and I forgive him? Up two seven times? 
22 Jesus said to him, not to seven times but to seventy times seven. 
23 Therefore the kingdom of heaven is like a man, a king, who wished 
to settle accounts with his servants. 24 And when he began to do so, 
there was brought to him one who owed him ten thousand talents. 
25 And as the man had nothing to pay, his master gave orders that he 
should be sold and his wife and children and everything that he had, and 
that payment be made. 26 The servant therefore falling down pros- 
trated himself before him saying, Give me time, and I will pay you 
everything. 27 And the master of that servant, moved with pity, 
released him and forgave him the debt. 28 That servant going out 
found one of his fellow servants who owed him one hundred denarii, 
and he seized him and choked him saying, Pay what you owe. 29 The 
fellow servant, therefore, falling down besought him saying, Give me 
time, and I will pay you. 30 But he would not, but had the man 
thrown into prison until he should pay the debt. 31 When therefore 
his fellow servants saw what had happened, they were greatly grieved 
and went and told their master the whole story. 32 And their master, 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 153 


calling the servant whose debt he had cancelled, said to him, Wicked 
servant, I forgave you all that debt of yours because you besought me to 
do so. 33 Ought you not to have had mercy upon your fellow servant 
as I had mercy on you? 384 And his master, being angry, gave him 
over to the tormentors until he should pay all his debt. 35 So also will 
your heavenly Father do to you, if you do not each of you forgive his 
brother from your hearts! [98. M]. 

Mt 25:14-30 For it is like a man who, going abroad, called his 
' Own servants and delivered to them his property. 15 And to one he 
gave five talents, and to another two, and to another one; to each man 
according to his own ability, and he went abroad. 16 Immediately 
he that had received the five talents went and engaged in business with 
them and made five talents more. 17 Likewise he that received the 
two talents made two more. 18 But he that had received the one went 
away and dug in the earth and hid his master’s money. 19 After a 
long time the master of those servants came and called for an account- 
ing with them. 20 And the one who had received the five talents came 
and brought the five talents that he had made saying, Master, you 
delivered to me five talents; see, I have made five talents more. 21 His 
master said to him, Well done, good and faithful servant, you have been 
faithful over a few things; I will set you over many. Enter into the joy 
of your master. 22 And the one who had received the two talents came 
and said, Master, you delivered to me two talents; see, I have made two 
more talents. 23 His master said to him, Well done, good and faithful 
servant, you have been faithful over a few things; I will set you over 
many. Enter into the joy of your master. 24 And he that had the 
one talent that he had received came and said, Master, I knew you for 
a hard man, reaping where you had not sowed and gathering from 
land on which you had scattered nothing, 25 and being afraid I went and 
hid your talent in the earth; see, you have your own. 26 And his 
master answered him, Wicked and lazy servant, you knew that I reaped 
where I had not sowed and gathered from land on which I had not 
scattered. 27 You ought then to have loaned my money to the 
bank, and in that case when I came back I should have received 
my own with interest. 28 Take from him the talent and give it to 
him that has the ten. 29 For to everyone that has shall be given and 
he shall have abundance, but from him that has not, even what 
he has shall be taken away. 30 And cast the unprofitable servant 
into outer darkness; there shall be the weeping and gnashing of 
teeth [167. M]. 

(See also Mt 25:31-46 under 5, B, p. 98.) 


1Compare Mt 6:14, 15 (88); Mk 11:25 (147). 


154 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


C. Tue Virws or JEWISH WRITERS 


I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
The Story of Ahikar, 500 B.C. 
8:34 God also forgives the fault of men. 


Sibylline Oracles (Book ITI), Second Century B.C. 


3:624-28 But you, O man of wiles, tarry not with hesitation, 
625 but turning round again make intercession to God. 626 Sacrifice 
to God hundreds of bulls and firstling lambs 627 and of goats in the 
circling seasons. 628 Yea, make intercession to him, the Immortal 
God, if perchance he may have mercy upon you. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 


Fug. 28 (2:226) Never to do anything wrong is the peculiar 
attribute of God; and to repent is the part of a wise man. 

Three Rep. 1 (8:454) When one has erred, then to change so as 
to adopt a blameless course of life for the future is the part of a wise 
man, and of one who is not altogether ignorant of what is expedient. 

Three Rep. 2 (8:456) It is a very beautiful exchange and recom- 
pense for this choice on the part of man thus displaying anxiety to serve 
God, when God thus without any delay takes the suppliant to himself 
as his own, and goes forth to meet the intentions of the man who, in 
a genuine and sincere spirit of piety and truth, hastens to do him service. 

Curses 8 (3:494) If they feel shame throughout their whole soul, 
and change their ways, reproaching themselves for their errors, and 
openly avowing and confessing all the sins that they have committed 
.... they will then meet with a favorable acceptance from their 
merciful saviour, God, who bestows on the race of mankind his especial 
and exceeding great gift, namely, relationship to his own word. 


Sibylline Oracles (Book IV), 80 A.D. 


4:166-70 Stretching your hands to heaven, seek forgiveness 
for your former deeds, 167 and with praises ask pardon for your 
bitter ungodliness. 168 God will grant repentance 169 and will not 
slay: he will stay his wrath once more if with one accord 170 you 
practice precious godliness in your hearts. 


Books of Adam and Eve, ca. 200 A.D. 


Ad. Life 4:3 Let us repent with a great penitence: perchance 
the Lord will be gracious to us and will pity us. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 155 


Ad. Life 5:1, 2 And Eve said to Adam: “What is penitence? 
Tell me, what sort of penitence am I todo? Let us not put too great a 
labor on ourselves, which we can not endure, so that the Lord will not 
hearken to our prayers: 2 and will turn away his countenance from us, 
because we have not fulfilled what we promised.” 


II. PALESTINIAN 
I Enoch (Part I), before 170 B.C. 


5:6 And all the .... shall rejoice, and there shall be forgive- 
ness of sins. 

12:5 (To the fallen angels) You have wrought great destruction 
on the earth: and you shall have no peace nor forgiveness of sin. 

13:4 And they (ie., the fallen angels) besought me to draw up a 
petition for them that they might find forgiveness, and to read their 
petition in the presence of the Lord of Heaven. 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Jud. 19:2 For the sake of money I lost my children, and had not 
my repentance, and my humiliation, and the prayers of my father been 
accepted, I should have died childless. 

Zeb. 9:7 And after these things you shall remember the Lord and 
repent, and he shall have mercy upon you, for he is merciful and 
compassionate. 

Dan 6:4 For he knows that upon the day which Israel shall 
repent, the kingdom of the enemy shall be brought to an end. 

Gad 4:7 The spirit of love works together with the law of God in 
long-suffering unto the salvation of men. 

Gad 5:7, 8 True repentance after a godly sort drives away dark- 
ness, and enlightens the eyes, and gives knowledge to the soul, and 
leads the mind to salvation. 8 And those things which it has not learnt 
from man, it knows through repentance. 

Gad 6:3 Love one another from the heart; and if a man sin 
against you, speak peaceably to him, and in your soul hold not guile; 
and if he repent and confess, forgive him. 

Gad 6:7 And if he be shameless and persist in his wrong-doing, 
even so forgive him from the heart and leave to God the avenging. 

Gad 7:5 For if he takes away from a man wealth gotten by evil 
means he forgives him if he repent, but the unrepentant is reserved for 
eternal punishment. 

Jos. 18:2 And if anyone seeks to do evil to you, do well to him 
and pray for him, and you shall be redeemed by the Lord from all evil. 

Benj. 5:4 If any one does violence to a holy man he repents; for 
the holy man is merciful to his reviler and holds his peace. 


156 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


3:9, 10 He makes atonement for sins of ignorance by fasting and 
afflicting his soul, 
10 And the Lord counts guiltless every pious man and his house. 


9:18 Thou madest a covenant with our fathers concerning us; 
And we hope in thee, when our soul turns. 


13:9 The Lord spares his pious ones 
And blots out their errors by his chastening. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C-70 A.D. 


2:3 Long-suffering is with him 
And plenteousness of forgivenesses 
To pardon those who repent of transgression. 


5:5 But God wondrously pardoned their sins 
And forgave their transgression, 
And he built them a sure house in Israel. 


6:6 In accordance with the covenant .... 
In order to pardon their sins, 
So shall God make atonement for them. 


9:41 Those who repented of transgression in Jacob observed the cov- 
enant of God. 


9:54 And God will pardon them 
And they shall see his salvation; 
For they trust in his holy name. 


10:16 None shall be believed as a witness against his neighbor 
who transgresses a word of the commandment with a high hand until 
they are cleansed through repentance. 

20:2 And on the day on which the man imposes it upon himself 
to return to the law of Moses the angel of Mastema will depart from 
him if he makes good his word. 


Assumption of Moses, 7-29 A.D. 
1:18 The day of repentance in the visitation wherewith the Lord 
will visit them in the consummation of the end of the days. 


IT Baruch, 60-100 A.D. 


14:7 And if others did evil it was due to Zion, that on. account 
of the works of those who wrought good works she should be forgiven. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 157 


IV Esdras, 100-135 A.D. 


7:182-40 The Most High is now called ... . 183 gracious, in 
that he is gracious towards those who return to his law: 134 and long- 
suffering, because he shows long-suffering to sinners as his creatures 
. . . . 189 and forgiving, for if he did not pardon those that were 
created by his word and blot out the multitude of their iniquities 
‘140 there would, perchance, be very few left of an innumerable multitude. 


Pirke Aboth, ca. 200 A.D. 


2:14 Be not easily wroth; and repent one day before your death. 

4:13 Repentance and good works are as a shield in face of punish- 
ment. 

4:22 Fairer is one hour of repentance and good works in this world, 
than all the life of the world to come. 

5:21 Everyone who makes the many to sin, they do not give him 
the opportunity to repent. 


D. THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LirerRATURE 


Montefiore, ‘‘Rabbinic Conceptions of Repentance,” JQR (1903), 
pp. 209-58*; Burton, Smith, and Smith, chaps. iv*, vi; Buding, sec. 
IV; Alexander, art. ‘‘Repentance,” H. DCG. 


2. FAITH 
A. Tuer JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:12 He came to his home and his own people did not receive 
him but to as many as received him, to those who believed in his name, 
he gave the privilege of becoming children of God. 

Jn 3:16-18, 36 For God so loved the world that he gave his only 
Son, that everyone who should believe in him might not perish, but have 
eternal life. 17 For God sent the Son into the world not to judge the 
world, but that the world might be saved through him. 18 He that 
believes in him is not judged. He that does not believe has already 
been judged, because he has not believed in the name of the only Son 
of Gade oi? 36 He who believes in the Son has eternal life. 

Jn 5:24 In very truth I tell you, he that hears my word and 
believes him who sent me has eternal life and comes not into judgment, 
but has passed from death into life. 

Jn 5:44-47 How can you believe when you receive praise from 
one another, and the approval that comes from the only [God] you do 
not seek. 45 Do not think that it is I who will accuse you to the Father; 
it is Moses who will accuse you, on whom you have set your hope. 
46 For if you believed Moses you would believe me, for he wrote con- 


158 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


cerning me. 47 But if you do not believe his writings, how will you 
believe my words ? 

Jn 8:24 I said therefore to you that you should die in your sins, 
for unless you believe that I am (what I have said I am), you will die in 
your sins. 

Jn 10:35-38 If he called them gods to whom the word of God 
came, and the Scripture can not be broken, 36 do you say of him whom 
the Father consecrated and sent into the world, You are a blasphemer, 
because I said, I am God’s Son? 37 If I am not doing the works of 
my Father, do not believe me, 38 but if I am doing them, even if you 
do not believe me, believe my works, that you may perceive and know 
that the Father is in me and I in the Father. 

Jn 11:25, 26 Jesus said to her, I am the resurrection and the life; 
he that believes in me, even if he dies, will live, 26 and everyone who 
lives and believes in me shall never die. 

Jn 11:47, 48 The chief priests and Pharisees gathered a council 
and said, What shall we do about the fact that this man is doing many 
signs? 48 If we let him alone in this way, all men will believe in him 
and the Romans will come and take away our place and nation. 

Jn 14:1, 6, 11 Let not your hearts be any longer troubled. You 
believe in God, believe also in me..... 6 I am the way, the truth 
and the life; no one comes to the Father except through me..... 
11 Believe me when I say that I am in the Father and the Father in 
me, but if you can not (believe me because of what I say), for the sake 
of the works themselves believe. 

(See also 12:35 ff., p. 147 above, and 16:8, 9, p. 75, and the 
numerous other passages in which the word ‘believe’ occurs. ‘The 
word “faith” is not used in the Fourth Gospel.) 


B. THe Synoptic TEACHING 

Mk 11:22-24 Have faith in God. 23 Of a truth I tell you that if 
anyone shall say to this mountain, Be removed and thrown into the sea, 
and shall not doubt in his heart but shall believe that it will happen 
as he says, it will be granted to him. 24 Therefore I say to you what- 
ever you ask for when you pray believe that you have received them 
and they shall be yours [147. Mt 21:21, 22]. 

Mk 14:32-42 [174]. (See under 6, B, p. 118.) 

Mk 15:34 [178]. (See under 6, B, p. 118.) 


Mt 4:1-11; Lk 4:1-13 [19. G]. (See under 2, B, p. 49.) 


Lk 17:6 If you had faith as a grain of mustard seed you would 
say to this mulberry tree, Be rooted up and planted in the sea, and it 
would obey you [131. P]. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHIcs 159 


Lk 23:46 [178. J]. (See under 2, B, p. 55.) 


Mt 17:20 If you have faith as a grain of mustard seed you will 
say to this mountain, Remove from this place to that, and it will 
remove, and nothing will be impossible to you [89. P]. 


C. Tue Virws or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 


IV Maccabees, 63 B.C.—38 A.D. 


15:24 And although she saw the destruction of her seven children 
and the many and varied forms of their torments, the noble mother 
willingly surrendered them through faith in God. 

17:2 O mother, that together with your seven sons broke the 
tyrant’s force, and brought to naught his evil devices, and gave an 
example of the nobleness of faith. 


Philo, 15-46 A.D. 

Conf. 9 (2:8) Having laid aside doubt and vacillation, the dis- 
positions of an impure soul, he may put on that most steadfast and 
trustworthy dispostion, faith. 

Mig. Abr. 24 (2:72) ‘Thou shalt fear the Lord thy God, and him 
only shalt thou serve; and thou shalt cleave to him.’”’ What, then, is 
this cleaving? What? Surely it is piety and faith; for these virtues 
adapt and invite the mind to incorruptible nature. 

Heir 18 (2:111) Do not attribute to unworthy persons that most 
perfect of virtues, faith. 

Heir 19 (2:111) To anchor firmly and unchangeably on the 
only living God is a thing to be admired among men. 

Rew. Pun. 4 (8:462) What can anyone conceive to be either more 
useful or more respectable than to believe in God and throughout one’s 
whole life to be continually rejoicing and beholding the living God? 


II. PALESTINIAN 


I Enoch (Part II, Similitudes), 94-64 B.C. 

39:6 In that place mine eyes saw the Elect One of righteousness 
and of faith. 

43:4 'These are the names of the holy who dwell on the earth and 
believe in the name of the Lord of Spirits forever and ever. 

58:5 And after this it shall be said to the holy in heaven that they 
should seek out the secrets of righteousness, the heritage of faith. 

61:4 The elect shall begin to dwell with the elect and those are 
the measures which shall be given to faith and which shall strengthen 
righteousness. 


160 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


61:11 The other powers on the earth and over the water on that 
day shall raise one voice, and bless and glorify and exalt in the spirit of 
faith. 

Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C.-70 A.D. 


9:4 When the two houses of Israel separated, all who proved 
faithless were delivered to the sword. 

9:10 When he (i.e., the Messiah) arises he shall destroy all the 
sons of (battle) din. .... These shall escape during the period of the 
[first] visitation, but those who proved faithless shall be delivered to 
the sword. 

9:37 They spoke error against the statutes of righteousness, and 
rejected the covenant and the pledge of faith. 

9:47 They trusted in God throughout the period that Israel 
trespassed and polluted the sanctuary and returned again to molten 


images. 
9:54 And God will pardon them 


And they shall see his salvation; 
For they trust in his holy name. 


Martyrdom of Isaiah, Firsi Century A.D. 


1:9 And many in Jerusalem and in Judea he shall cause to abandon 
the true faith. 
II Baruch, 60-100 A.D. 


54:21 Thou wilt glorify the faithful according to their faithfulness. 


IV Esdras, 100-135 A.D. 


5:1 Behold, the days come when... . 
The way of truth shall be hidden, 
And the land be barren of faith. 


6:28 Faithfulness shall flourish, 
And corruption be vanquished. 


7:34 But judgment alone shall remain, 
Truth shall stand and faithfulness triumph. 


9:7, 8 Everyone that shall be saved and shall be able to escape 
on account of his works or his faith by which he has believed, 8 such 
shall survive from the perils aforesaid and shall see my salvation in my 
land and within my borders which I have sanctified for myself eternally. 

13:23 He that shall bring the peril in that time will himself keep 
them who fall into the peril, even such as have works and faith toward 
the Mighty One. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 161 


D. THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 


Cremer, s.v.; Th., s.v.; Findlay, art. ‘Faith,’ H. DB; Burton, 
Galatians, pp. 475-85. 
3. PRAYER 
A. Tur JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 14:13, 14 Whatever you shall ask in my name this I will do, 
that the Father may be glorified in the Son. 14 If you ask anything 
in my name this I will do. 

Jn 15:7 If you abide in me and my words in you, ask what you 
will and it shall be done for you. 

Jn 15:16 You did not choose me, but I chose you, and I appointed 
you to go and bear fruit, and that your fruit should remain; that what- 
ever you ask the Father in my name he might give to you. 

Jn 16:23, 24, 26, 27 And in that day you shall ask me nothing. 
In very truth I tell you, If you shall ask the Father for anything he 
will give it to you in my name. 24 Until now you have asked nothing 
in my name; hereafter ask, and you shall receive, that your joy may be 
complete. .... 26 In that day you shall ask in my name, and I do 
not say to you that I will entreat the Father for you, 27 for the Father 
himself loves you because you have loved me and have believed that 
I came from the Father. (Read also John, chap. 17.) 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 1:35 And rising up very early in the morning he went out 
into a place apart from the dwellings of men, and prayed there [25]. 
(Compare Lk 5:16.) 

Mk 6:46 And having sent them away he went away into the 
mountain to pray [78. Mt 14:23]. 

Mk 11:22-25 Have faith in God. 23 Of a truth I tell you that if 
anyone shall say to this mountain, Be removed and thrown into the 
sea, and shall not doubt in his heart but shall believe that it will 
happen as he says, it will be done for him. 24 Therefore I say to you, 
Whatever things you pray for, believe that you have received them, and 
you will have them. 25 And when you pray if you have anything 
against anyone, forgive him, that your Father who is in heaven may 
forgive you your trespasses. [147. Mt21:21,22] (Compare Mt 6:14, 
15 under 9, 1, B, p. 149.) 

Mk 14:32-42. (See under 6, B, p. 118.) [174. Mt 26:36-46; 
Lk 22:39-46.] 

Mk 15:33, 34. (See under 6, B, p. 118.) [178. Mt 27:45, 46.] 


162 


THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mt 5:44 Love your enemies and pray for those that persecute you! 


[37. MorG; Lk 6:28 G]. 


Mt 6:9-15 In this way therefore 
pray: Our Father who is in 
heaven, hallowed be thy name. 
10 Thy kingdom come, thy will 
be done as in heaven so on earth. 
11 Give us today our bread for 
today 12 and forgive our debts as 
we also have forgiven our debtors. 
13 And bring us not into tempta- 


Lk 11:2-4 When you pray say, 
Father, hallowed be thy name, 
thy kingdom come. 3 Give us 
daily our bread for each day, 
4 and forgive us our sins for we 
ourselves forgive everyone who 
is under obligation to us, and 
bring us not into temptation 
[105. P]. 


tion but deliver us from the evil 
one. 14 For if you forgive men 
their trespasses your heavenly 
Father will also forgive you. 15 
But if you do not forgive men 
[their trespasses] neither will your 
Father forgive your trespasses? 
(38. M or P]. 


Mt 7:7-11 Ask and it shall be given to you, seek and you shall 
find, knock and it shall be opened to you. 8 For everyone who asks 
receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who knocks, it shall be 
opened. 9 For what man of you will, if his son asks for bread, give 
him a stone? 10 Or if he asks for a fish, will give him a serpent? 
11 If you therefore though you are evil, know how to give good gifts 
to your children, how much more will your Father who is in heaven give 
good gifts? to those who ask him [41. M or P; Lk 11:9-18 (105) P]. 


Lk 6:12 And in those days he went out into the mountain to 
pray and spent the night in prayer to God (84. L*; cf. Mk 3:13a]. 

Lk 9:28, 29 And about eight days after these things, taking Peter 
and John and James, he went up into the mountain to pray 29 And 
as he prayed‘ the appearance of his face was changed, and his clothing 
became glistening white [88. L?]. 

Lk 23:46 And crying out with a great voice, Jesus said, Father, 
into thy hands I commit my spirit [178. L’]. 


Mt 6:5-8 And when you pray do not be like the hypocrites 
because they love to pray in the synagogues and standing on the 

1Lk 6:28 reads: “insult you.” 

2 Compare Mk 11:25. 8Lk 11:13 reads: ‘‘give the Holy Spirit.” 

4Mt 17:2 and Mk 9:2, 3 do not mention his prayer. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 163 


street corners that men may see them pray. Of a truth I tell you, 
They have received their reward. 6 But you, when you pray, enter 
your chamber, and having shut the door pray to your Father who is in 
secret, and your Father who sees in secret will reward you. 7 And 
when you pray do not repeat over idle words as the Gentiles, for they 
think that they shall be heard because of their many words. 8 Be not 
therefore like them for [God] your Father knows what things you need 
before you ask him [88. M]. 

Mt 18:19 Again I tell you that if two of you shall agree on earth 
concerning any matter which you shall ask, it will come to you from 
my Father who is in Heaven [97. M]. 


C. Tue Views or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Sibylline Oracles (Book III), Second Century B.C. 


3:283-85 But tarry, 284 trusting in the holy laws of the Mighty 
God, 285 when bowing your knee you pray toward the light of dawn. 


Letter of Aristeas, after 130 B.C. 


196 The king... . asked the next How he could keep all his 
possessions intact and finally hand them down to his successors in the 
same condition? And he answered, ‘‘By praying constantly to God 
that you may be inspired by high motives in all your undertakings and 
by warning your descendants not to be dazzled by fame or wealth, 
for it is God who bestows all these gifts and men never by themselves 
win the supremacy. 

197 God, to whom we ought always to pray, inspires us with cour- 
age to endure. 

ITI Enoch, 1-50 A.D. 

7:4,5 I felt great pity for them (i.e., the fallen angels), and they 
saluted me, and said to me: “Man of God, pray for us to the Lord”’; 
5 and I answered to them: ‘‘ Who am I, a mortal man, that I should 
pray for angels? Who knows where I am going, or what will befall 
me? or who will pray for me?” 

18:7 “I prayed for them (ie., the fallen angels), but the Lord 
has condemned them to be under earth till heaven and earth shall end 
for ever.”’ 

53:1 Do notsay: ‘Our father is standing before God, and is pray- 
ing for our sins,” for there is there no helper of any man who has sinned. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 


Alleg. Laws 3:76 (1:165) There are some souls which God even 
goes forward to meet: ‘I will come to you and bless you.’’ You see 


164 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


here how great is the kindness of the Creator of all things, when he 
even anticipates our delay and our intentions, and comes forward to 
meet us to the perfect benefiting of our souls. 


Books of Adam and Eve, ca. 200 A.D. 


Ad. Life 21:2 Michael..... said to Eve, “‘ You are blessed, Eve, 
for Adam’s sake. Since his prayers and intercessions are great, I have 
been sent that you may receive our help.” 

Apoc. Mos. 35:2 The soul of your father lies on its face and all the 
holy angels are praying on his behalf and saying: ‘Pardon him, Father 
of All, for he is thine image.” 

Apoc. Mos. 36:1 The sun and moon and themselves fall down 
and pray on behalf of my father Adam. 


ITI Baruch, 100-150 A.D. 


11:4 Even now Michael, the commander of the angels, comes down 
to receive the prayers of men. 


II. PALESTINIAN 
I Enoch (Part I), before 170 B.C. 


13:6 Then I wrote out their petition and the prayer in regard to 
their spirits and their deeds individually and in regard to their requests 
that they should have forgiveness and length (of days). 

15:2 Go, say to the Watchers of heaven, who have sent you to 
intercede for them: ‘‘ You should intercede for men, and not men for 
you.” 

Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Reub. 1:7 Had not my father Jacob prayed for me to the Lord, 
the Lord would have destroyed me. 

Sim. 2:2. My mother Leah called me Simeon because the Lord 
had heard her prayer. 

Jud. 19:2 For the sake of money I lost my children, and had not 
my repentance, and my humiliation, and the prayers of my father 
been accepted, I should have died childless. 

Naph. 6:8, 9 Then Levi, girt about with sackcloth, prayed for 
us all unto the Lord. 9 And when the storm ceased, the ship reached 
the land as it were in peace. 

Gad 5:9 God brought upon me a disease of the liver; and had not 
the prayers of Jacob my father succored me, it had hardly failed but 
my spirit had departed. 

Jos. 10:1 You see, my children, how great things patience works, 
and prayer with fasting. , 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 165 


Benj. 3:6 Joseph also besought our father that he would pray 
for his brethren, that the Lord would not impute to them as sin what- 
ever evil they had done him. 

Benj. 5:5 If anyone betrays a righteous man, the righteous man 
prays; though for a little he be humbled, yet not long after he appears 
far more glorious, as was Joseph my brother. 

Benj. 10:1 Now when Joseph was in Egypt I longed to see his 
figure and the form of his countenance; and through the prayers of 
Jacob my father I saw him, while awake in the daytime, even his 
entire figure exactly as he was. 


I Enoch (Part II, Similitudes), 94-64 B.C. (Part V), 104-96 B.C. 


47:4 The prayer of the righteous had been heard, and the blood 
of the righteous been required before the Lord of Spirits. 


97:3 What will you do, you sinners, 
And whither will you flee on that day of judgment, 
When you hear the voice of the prayer of the righteous ? 


97:5 In these days the prayer of the righteous shall reach the Lord, 
And for you the days of your judgment shall come. 


99:3 In those days make ready, you righteous, to raise your prayers as 
a memorial, 
And place them as a testimony before the angels 
That they may place the sin of the sinners for a memorial before 
the Most High. 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


6:8 The Lord hears the prayer of every one that fears God, 
And every request of the soul that hopes for him does the Lord 
accomplish. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C-70 A.D. 


14:1 The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination, but the prayer 
of the righteous is like an offering of delight. 


II Baruch, 60-100 A.D. 
2:2 For your works are to this city as a firm pillar, 
And your prayers as a strong wall. 
Pirke Aboth, ca. 200 A.D. 


2:17 When you pray, do not make your prayer a fixed form, but 
mercies and entreaties before God. 


166 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


D. Tue TEACHING oF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 
Plummer, art. ‘‘ Prayer,” H. DCG. 


4. WORSHIP 
A. Tue JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 2:18-16; 4:19-24. (See under 1, A, 6, pp. 22, 23; read also 
John, chap. 17.) 
B. THe Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 11:15-17. (See 1, B, 6, p. 38.) [146. Mt 21:12-13; Lk 19: 
45, 46.] 

Mk 12:29, 30 Hear O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord. 
30 And you shall love the Lord your God with your whole heart, and 
with your whole soul, and with your whole understanding, and with 
your whole strength (for the context see under 2, p. 48) [154. Mt 22: 
37, 388; Lk 10:27 (103)]. 

Mk 12:28-34 And one of the scribes came to him and having 
heard them disputing, and perceiving that (Jesus) had answered them 
well, asked him, What kind of commandment is most important of all? 
29 Jesus answered, This is first, Hear, O Israel! the Lord our God is 
one Lord. 30 And you shall love the Lord your God with your whole 
heart, and with your whole soul, and with your whole understanding, 
and with your whole strength. 31 And this is second, You shall love 
your neighbor as yourself. There is no other commandment greater 
than these. 32 The scribe said, Well and truthfully, Teacher, have 
you said that there is one and there is no other beside him. 383 And 
to love him with the whole heart, and with the whole understanding and 
with the whole strength, and to love one’s neighbor as one’s self is 
greater than the whole burnt-offerings and sacrifices. 34 And Jesus 
seeing that he had answered wisely said to him, You are not far from 
the Kingdom of God? [154. Mt 22:34-40; Lk 20:39, 40; 10:27 (108)]. 


Mt 4:10 Then Jesus said to him, Get you gone, Satan, for it is 
written, ‘‘You shall worship the Lord your God, and him only shall 
you serve” [19. G or M; Lk 4:8]. 


Mt 5:23, 24 If therefore you are offering your gift upon the altar 
and while doing so you remember that you have wronged your brother, 
24 leave there your gift before the altar, go first and be reconciled 


1 Mt 22:37 omits: ‘‘The first is . .. . one Lord.” 
2 Verses 32-34 are not found in Matthew or Luke. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 167 


with your brother, and then come back and go on with the offering of 
your gift [87. M]. 


C. Tue Views or Jewish WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 


Sibylline Oracles (Book III), Second Century B.C. 


3:573-78 There shall be thereafter a holy race of God-fearing men, 
574 adhering to the counsels and mind of the Most High: 575 who pay 
full honor to the temple of the mighty God, 576 with drink offerings 
and fat offerings and sacred hecatombs, 577 with sacrifices of lusty 
bulls and unblemished rams, 578 and piously offer as whole burnt sacri- 
fices rich flocks of firstling sheep and lambs upon the great altar. 

3:716-18 Come, let us fall upon the earth and supplicate 717 the 
Eternal King, the mighty, everlasting God. 718 Let us make procession 
to his temple, for he is the sole Potentate. 


Letter of Aristeas, after 130 B.C. 


157 He has marked out every time and place that we may con- 
tinually remember the God, who rules and preserves us. 

234 The king... . asked the tenth, What is the highest form 
of glory? And he said, ‘‘To honor God, and this is done not with 
gifts and sacrifices but with purity of soul and holy conviction, since 
all things are governed and fashioned by God in accordance with his 
will. 

Philo, 15-45 A.D. 

Plant. Noah 25 (1:437, 488) The due attention to sacred rites, and 
good faith in the matter of sacrifices are the most excellent of trees; 
but alongside of them an evil grows up, namely, superstition, which it 


is desirable to eradicate before it has time to blossom. .... God 
delights in altars on which no fire is burned, but which are frequented 
by virtues. 


Plant. Noah 30 (1:441) It is impossible to show gratitude to God 
in a genuine manner, by those means which people in general think the 
only ones, namely, offerings and sacrifices; for the whole world could 
not be a temple worthy to be raised to his honor, except by means of 
praises and hymns, and those too must be such as are sung, not by loud 
voices, but by the invisib!e and pure mind, which shall raise the shout 
and song to him. 

IT Enoch, 1-50 A.D. 


45:3 When the Lord demands bread, or candles, or flesh, or any 
other sacrifice, then that is nothing; but God demands pure hearts, 
and with all that only tests the heart of man. 


168 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


51:4 It is good to go morning, midday, and evening into the 
Lord’s dwelling, for the glory of your Creator. 

66:2 Bow down te the true God, not to dumb idols, and bring 
all just offerings before the Lord’s face. The Lord hates what is unjust. 


Sibylline Oracles (Book IV), 80 A.D. 
4:24-26 Happy shail those men be throughout the earth who 
shall truly love the mighty God, blessing him 26 before eating and 
drinking, staunch in their godliness. 


Sibylline Oracles (Book V), before 130 A.D. 
5:497 Let us turn ourselves and hymn the Immortal God. 


II. PALESTINIAN 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Levi 3:6 Offering to the Lord a sweet smelling savor, a reasonable 
and a bloodless offering. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C.-70 A.D. 


14:1, 2 No man shall send to the altar burnt offering or meat 
offering or frankincense or wood through the hand of a man (that is) 
unclean through any of the uncleannesses allowing him to defile the 
altar, for it is written: “The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination, 
but the prayer of the righteous is like an offering of delight.” 2 And 
none of those who enter the house of worship shall enter when he is 
unclean, even though washed. 


D. Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 
Plummer, art. “‘ Prayer,” H. DCG. 


10. DISCIPLESHIP TO JESUS 
A. THE JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:11, 12 He came to his own home, and his own people did not 
receive him, 12 but to as many as received him, to those who believed in 
his name, he gave the privilege of becoming children of God. 

Jn 1:35-51 On the following day John was standing with two of 
his disciples, 36 and looking at Jesus as he was walking by, said, See! 
there is the Lamb of God. 387 And the two disciples heard John speak- 
ing and they followed Jesus. 38 And Jesus turning and seeing them 
following him said to them, What are you looking for? And they said 
to him, Rabbi (which means teacher), where are you staying? 39 He 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 169 


said to them, Come and you shall see. They came therefore and 
saw where he was staying and they stayed with him that day. And it 
was 4 o’clock in the afternoon. 40 Andrew, the brother of Simon 
Peter, was one of the two that heard John and followed Jesus. 41 He 
first found his own brother, Simon, and said to him, We have found the 
Messiah (which means Christ). 42 He brought him to Jesus. Jesus 
said to him, You are Simon, the son of John? You shall be called 
Cephas (which means Peter). 

43 The next day Jesus decided to go to Galilee, and he found 
Philip and said to him, Follow me. 44 Now Philip was from Bethsaida 
where Andrew and Peter lived. 45 Philip found Nathanael and said 
to him, We have found him of whom Moses wrote in the law, and the 
prophets. His name is Jesus, the son of Joseph, and he is from Nazareth. 
46 And Nathanael said to him, Can any good thing come out of Naza- 
reth? Philip said, Come and see. 47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming to 
him and said of him, There is a real Israelite in whom there is no deceit. 
48 Nathanael said to him, How do you know me? Jesus answered and 
said to him, Before Philip called you while you were under the fig tree I 
saw you. 49 Nathanael answered him, Rabbi, you are the Son of God, 
you are King of Israel. 50 Jesus answered him, Because I told you 
that I saw you under the fig tree do you believe? You will see greater 
things than these. 51 And he said to him, Of a truth I say to you, you 
will see heaven standing open and the messengers of God going up and 
down upon the Son of man. 

Jn 3:1-6. (See 9, 1, A, p. 146.) 

Jn 3:16, 17. (See 4, A, p. 83.) 

Jn 6:26, 27. (See 8, 4, A, p. 137.) 

Jn 6:35, 44-59, 63. (See 6, A, p. 111.) 

Jn 6:66-69 Because of what Jesus said, many of his disciples left 
him and no longer associated with him. 67 Jesus said to the twelve, 
You do not wish to leave me too, do you? 68 Simon Peter answered, 
Lord, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life. 
69 And we firmly believe and know that you are the Holy One of God. 

Jn 8:31, 32, 36 Jesus said to the Jews that had believed him, If 
you continue in my word, you are really disciples of mine, 32 and you 
will know the truth and the truth will make you free..... 36 If the 
Son shall make you free, you will be really free. 

Jn 12:24-26. (See 12:20-33, under 6, A, p. 112.) 

Jn 18:13-16, 20 You call me Teacher and Lord, and this is 
well, for so I am. 14 If then I, your Lord and your Teacher, have 
washed your feet, you also ought to wash one another’s feet. 15 For 
I have given you an example that you may do to one another as I have 
done to you. 16 Of a truth I say to you, a servant is not greater thar 


170 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


his master, nor one who is sent greater than him who sent him. ... . 
20 Of a truth I say to you, He that receives whomever I send receives 
me and he that receives me receives him who sent me. 

Jn 14:6, 7 Iam the way and the truth and the life, no one comes 
to the Father except through me. 7 If you knew me, you would know 
my Father also. Henceforth you know him and have seen him. 

Jn 14:21, 23 He that has my commandments and keeps them, he 
it is that loves me and he that loves me will be loved by my Father and 
I will love him and will show myself to him. . .. . 23 If any one loves 
me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come 
to him and will make a home with him. 

Jn 15:1, 2, 7,8, 20 Iam the true vine, and my Father is the culti- 
vator of it. 2 Every branch in me that does not bear fruit he takes 
away and every branch that bears fruit he cleans that it may bear 
more fruit. cay, 7 If you abide in me and my words abide in you, 
ask what you will and it shall be done for you. 8 In this my Father is 
glorified, that you bear much fruit and become my disciples. .... 20 
Remember the word which I said to you, A servant is not greater than 
his master. If they persecuted me they will also persecute you. If 
they have kept my word they will also keep yours. (Read also the 
intervening verses of the chapter.) 

Jn 20:21-23 Again Jesus said to them, Peace be to you, as the 
Father has sent me I also send you. 22 And having said this, he 
breathed upon them and said to them, Receive the Holy Spirit. 23 
If you forgive anyone’s sins, they are forgiven; if you do not forgive 
them, they remain. 

Jn 20:31 These things are written that you may believe that 
Jesus is the Christ, the son of God, and that believing you may have 
life in his name. 

B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 

Mk 1:16-20 And passing along the Sea of Galilee he saw Simon 
and Andrew, the brother of Simon, casting a net in the Sea, for they 
were fishermen. 17 And Jesus said to them, Follow me, and I will make 
of you fishers of men. 18 And immediately they left their nets and 
followed him. 19 And going on a little further he saw James, the son 
of Zebedee, and his brother John in the boat, putting their nets in 
order, 20 and he called them. And leaving their father, Zebedee, in 
the boat with the hired servants, they followed him [22. Mt 4:18-22]. 

Lk 5:1-11! And it came to pass while the people crowded upon 
him and heard the word of God that he was standing by the lake of 
Gennesaret. 2 And he saw two boats on the shore and *he fishermen 
had left them and were washing their nets. 3 And entering one of them 


1 Doubtless another account of the same event as that related in Mk 1:16—20. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS EAL 


that belonged to Simon he asked him to push out a little from the land, 
and sitting down he taught the people from the boat. 4 And when he 
had ended his talk he said to Simon, Put out into the deep water and 
let down your nets for a catch. 5 Simon replied, Master, we worked 
all night and took nothing, but at your word I will let down the nets. 
6 And when they had done this they inclosed a great number of fish 
and their nets were breaking. 7 And they beckoned to their partners 
in the other boat to come and help them and they came and filled both 
boats until they were sinking. 8 And when Simon Peter saw it he fell 
down at Jesus’ knees saying, Depart from me because I am a sinful 
man, O Lord. 9 For amazement had seized him and all who were 
with him at the catch of fish which they had taken. 10 And the case 
was the same with James and John, sons of Zebedee, partners of Simon. 
And Jesus said to Simon, Be not afraid, from now on you shall be catch- 
ing men. 11 And when they had drawn the boats to land they left 
everything and followed him [26. G]. 

Mk 2:14-17 And as he passed by he saw Levi, the son of Alphaeus, 
sitting at the toll booth, and he said to him, Follow me, and he rose and 
followed him. 15 And Levi was sitting at a table in his house and many 
tax collectors and sinners were sitting there with Jesus and his disciples, 
for there were many such that followed Jesus. 16 And when the scribes 
of the Pharisees saw that he was eating with the sinners and tax col- 
lectors, they said to his disciples, Why does he eat with the tax collec- 
tors and sinners? 17 And when Jesus heard it, he said to them, It 
is not the healthy that need a physician but the sick.!. I came not to 
call righteous men but sinners [29. Mt 9:9-13; Lk 5:27-32]. 

Mk 2:18-22. (See7,2,B,p.124.). [80. Mt9:14-17; Lk 5:33-39.] 

Mk 3:18-15 And he went up into the mountain and called to him 
those that he wanted and they came to him. 14 And he appointed 
twelve, whom he also named apostles, that they might be with him, and 
that he might from time to time send them out to preach, 15 and to have 
authority to expel the demons from people [34. Lk 6:12, 13]. 

Mk 3:31-35 And his mother and his brothers came and standing 
outside sent and called him. 32 And there sat around him a multitude 
and they said to him, See, your mother and your brothers are outside 
asking for you. 33 And he answered them, Who is my mother and 
my brothers? 34 And looking at the people who were sitting around 
him he said, See, these are my mother and my brothers. 35 Whoever 
shall do the will of God,? he is my brother and sister and mother [51. 
Mt 12:46-50; Lk 8:19-21.] 


1Mt 9:13 inserts: ‘‘but go, and learn what this means, I desire mercy and not 
sacrifice.” 


2Mt 12:50 reads: ‘‘the will of my Father who is in heaven.” 


172 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mk 6:7-13 And he called the twelve to him and began to send 
them out two by two, and gave them authority over the unclean spirits.! 
8 And he charged them to take nothing for the journey except a staff 
only, no bread, no bag for provisions and no money in their purses, 
9 but to wear sandals and not to wear two tunics. 10 And he said 
to them, Wherever you enter a house make that your home until you 
leave the place. 11 And if any place shall not receive you or hear you, 
depart from it and shake off the dust that is under your feet for a testi- 
monial to them.2 12 And they went out and preached that men should 
repent. 13 And they expelled many demons, and they anointed with 
oil many that were sick and cured them [70, 71, 76. Mt 10:1, 5-14; 
Lk 9:1-6]. 

~ Mt 10:5-8 Go not into Gentile territory and do not enter a city 
of Samaritans. 6 But go instead to the lost sheep of the house of 
Israel. 7 And as you go preach saying, The kingdom of heaven is 
near. 8 Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse lepers, expel demons. 
You receive without paying, give without pay [71. Compare foregoing 
section]. 

Mt 10:16-31 Behold I send you out as sheep among wolves, be 
therefore as wise as the serpents and as harmless as the doves. 17 
Beware of men for they will hand you over to courts and in their syna- 
gogues they will scourge you. 18 And you will be brought before 
governors and kings on my account for a testimony to them and to the 
Gentiles. 19 And when they bring you up for trial do not be anxious 
how or what you shall speak for what you shall say will be given to you 
in that hour. 20 For it is not you that speak but the spirit of your 
Father that speaks in you. 21 And brother will give up brother to be 
put to death and father child, and children will rise up against their 
parents and put them to death. 22 And you will be hated by all men 
because of my name, but he that endures to the end shall be saved. 
23 And when they persecute you in this city flee to the next, for of a 
truth I tell you, you will not have finished visiting the cities of Israel 
before the Son of man comes. 24 A disciple is not above his teacher 
nor a slave above his master. 25 It is enough for the disciple that he 
become as his teacher and the slave as his master. If they called the 
master of the house Beelzebub, how much more the members of his 
household. 26 Be not afraid of them for there is nothing hidden that 
shall not be disclosed and secret that shall not be made known. 27 
What I tell you in the darkness, say in the light, and what you hear in 
the ear proclaim upon the housetops. 28 Be not afraid of those who 


1Mt 10:1 adds: ‘‘and to heal every disease and every malady.”’ 


2Mt 10:15 adds: “Of a truth I say to you, it shall be more tolerable to the land 
of Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of judgment than for that city.” 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 173 


kill the body and can not kill the soul, but be afraid rather of him who 
can destroy both soul and body in Gehenna.!' 29 Are not two sparrows 
sold for a farthing? And not one of them shall fall to the ground with- 
out your Father. 30 And the hairs of your head are all numbered. 
31 Be not therefore afraid, you are worth more than many sparrows? 
[72, 73. Mk 13:9-13 (161); Lk 12:2-7 (111) P]. 

Mk 8:27-88 And Jesus and his disciples went out into the villages 
of Caesarea Philippi and on the way he asked his disciples, Who do 
men say that I am?? 28 And they said to him, John the Baptist; 
and others Elijah,‘ and others one of the prophets. 29 And he asked 
them, And who do you say that Iam? Peter answered him, You are 
the Christ.6 30 And he charged them that they should tell no man 
concerning him. 31 And he began to teach them that the Son of man 
should suffer many things and be rejected by the elders and the chief 
priests and the scribes and be killed and after three days rise. 32 And 
he said this explicitly. And Peter took him and began to reprove him. 
33 But Jesus turning and seeing his disciples reproved Peter and said, 
Get behind me, Satan, you are thinking not the thoughts of God but 
those of men. 34 And calling to him the multitude with his disciples, 
he said to them, If any one wishes to be my follower let him deny him- 
self and take up his cross and follow me. 35 For whoever wishes to 
save his own life will lose it, but whoever shall lose his life for my sake 
and the gospel’s will save it. 386 For what advantage shall it be to a 
man to gain the whole world and suffer the loss of his life? 37 For 
what should a man give to regain his life? 38 For whoever shall be 
ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation 
of him will the Son of man be ashamed when he comes into the glory of 
his Father with the holy angels* (86, 87. Mt 16:13-27; Lk 9:18-26]. 


1Lk 12:4, 5 reads: ‘‘And I say to you, my friends, Fear not those that kill the 
body and can do nothing more, 5 but I will warn you whom to fear. Fear him who has 
authority after killing to cast into Gehenna. Yes, I say to you, fear him.” 


2 Of this passage verses 17-22 have their parallel in and are probably derived from 
Mk 13:9-13. Verses 26-31 have their parallel in Lk 12:2-7 and are probably derived 
from P. 


3 Mt 16:13 reads: ‘‘Who do men say that the Son of Man is?” 
4Mt 16:14 adds: ‘‘and others, Jeremiah.”’ 
5 Lk 9:20 reads: ‘‘And Peter answered, The Christ of God.” 


6 Compare this translation with that of 8:34-37, section 4, and 31-37, section 6. 

Mt 16:16—-19 reads: ‘‘And Simon Peter answered, You are the Christ, the Son 
of the living God. 17 And Jesus said to him, Blessed are you Simon, son of John, 
because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. 
18 And I say to you that you are Peter (Rock), and on this rock I will build my church; 
and not the gates of hades shall be stronger than it. 19 I will give to you the keys 
of the kingdom of heaven; and whatever you refuse on earth will be refused in heaven, 
and whatever you grant on earth will be granted in heaven.” 


174 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mk 9:37 Whoever shall receive one such little child in my name 
receives me; and whoever shall receive me, receives not me, but him who 
sent me [92. Mt 18:5; Lk 9:48]. 

Mk 10:17-30. (See under 4, B, p. 84, especially vss. 21, 28-30.) 
(137. Mt 19:16-29; Lk 18:18-30.] 

Mk 10:35-45. (See under 6, B, p. 117.) [140. Mt 20:20-28; Lk 
22:25-27 (173) Ji] 


Mt 7:21-23 Not everyone that says to me, Lord, Lord, will 
enter the kingdom of heaven, but he who does the will of my Father 
who is in heaven. 22 Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, 
did we not prophesy in your name and in your name expel demons and 
in your name do many great deeds? 23 And then will I declare to 
them, I never knew you; depart from me, you workers of iniquity 
[43. G or M; Lk 6:46; 18:26, 27 (121)]. (See also 7:16-21, under 5, 
p. 96.) 

Lk 9:57-62 And as he was going along the road, one said to him, 
I will follow you wherever you go. 58 And Jesus said to him, The 
foxes have holes, and the birds have nests, but the Son of man has 
nowhere to lay his head. 59 And he said to another man, Follow me; 
and the man said, Permit me first to go and bury my father. 60 And 
he said, Let the dead bury their own dead, but do you go and spread 
abroad the news of the Kingdom of God. 61 And another man said to 
him, I will follow you, Lord, but first let me make my farewell to those 
that are in my home. 62 And Jesus said to him, No man having put 
his hand to the plow and looking back is fit for the Kingdom of God 
(100. P; Mt 8:19-22]. 


Mt 11:28-80 Come to me all you who labor and are burdened, 
and I will give you rest. 29 Take my yoke upon you, and learn from 
me; because I am meek and lowly in heart, and you will find rest to 
your souls; 30 for my yoke is easy, for my burden is light [47. M]. 


C. Tue Views or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II. PALESTINIAN 
D. Tue TEACHING or JESUS 


E. Moprern LITERATURE 
Art. “Discipleship, ”” H. DCG 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 175 
ll. THE FUNDAMENTAL AND UNIFYING PRINCIPLE 
OF CONDUCT TOWARD GOD AND MEN 


A. Tur JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:11, 12 He came to his own home, and his own people did 
not receive him, 12 but to as many as received him, to those who 
believed in his name, he gave the privilege of becoming children 
of God. 

Jn 3:19-21, 36 And this is the basis of judgment, that the light 
has come into the world, and men loved the darkness rather than the 
light; for their deeds were wicked. 20 For every one whose practices 
are evil hates the light and does not come to the light lest the wickedness 
of his deeds should be exposed. 21 He who does the truth comes to the 
light that it may be made evident that his deeds have been done in 
(Cl Lae Ae 36 He who believes in the Son has eternal life. He who 
disobeys the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God rests upon him. 

Jn 6:63 It is the Spirit that gives life. The flesh is of no profit. 
The words that I have spoken to you are spirit, and they are life. 

Jn 8:24 I told you, therefore, that you would die in your sins; 
for unless you believe that I am (what I have said I was), you will die 
in your sins. 

Jn 12:24, 25 Unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, 
it remains a single grain, but if it dies, it produces many more. 25 He 
that loves his life loses it; and he that hates his life in this world will 
keep it to eternal life. 

Jn 15:4, 5 As the branch can not bear fruit of itself unless it 
remains in the vine, so neither can you unless you abide in me. 5 I 
am the vine, you are the branches. He that abides in me and I in him, 
he bears much fruit, because apart from me you can do nothing. 

Jn 16:8,9 And when he has come he will convict the world .... 
9 in reference to sin, because they do not believe in me. 

Jn 17:3 And this is eternal life, to know thee, the only true 
God, and him whom thou didst send, Jesus Christ. 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mt 5:48 You shall therefore be 
perfect, as your heavenly Father 
is perfect [37. M]. 


Mt 7:12 Whatever therefore you 
desire men to do to you, even so 
do you to them; for this is the 
law and the prophets [42. M]. 


Lk 6:36 Be merciful as your 
Father is merciful [37. G]. 


Lk 6:31 And as you would that 
men should do to you, do you 
also to them in like manner 
[37. G]. 


176 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mk 8:34-37. (See under 4, B, p. 84.) 
Lk 10:25-28. (See under 4, B, p. 87.) 
Mk 10:17-21. (See under 4, B, p. 84.) 
Mk 10:35-45. (See under 6, B, p. 117.) 


C. Tur Virws or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 


Sibylline Oracles (Book III), Second Century B.C. 


3:719, 720 Let us all ponder the law of the Most High God, 720 
who is the most righteous of all on earth. 


Letter of Aristeas, after 180 B.C. 


127 The good life consists in the keeping of the enactments of 
the law. 

189 If you take the fear of God as your starting point, you will 
never miss the goal. 

207 The king... . said ‘‘What is the teaching of wisdom?” 
And the other replied, ‘‘As you wish that no evil should befall you, but 
to be a partaker of all good things, so you should act on the same prin- 
ciple towards your subjects and offenders, and you should mildly admon- 
ish the noble and good.” 


IV Maccabees, 63 B.C.-38 A.D. 


5:16 We, O Antiochus, have accepted the Divine Law as the law 
of our country, and we do not believe any stronger necessity is laid upon 
us than that of our obedience to the law. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 

Virt. 12 (8:524) To choose what is right and to avoid what is 
wrong, using a threefold variety of ... . rules and criteria, namely, 
the love of God, and the love of virtue, and the love of mankind. 

Mig. Abr. 23 (2:71) As God commands, in that very manner does 
the virtuous man act, guiding the path of his life in a blameless way, 
so that the actions of the wise men are in no respect different from the 
divine commands. 

Philo (Eusebius, Prep. Gosp. 7:7) What you hate to suffer, do 
not do yourself. 

Hillel (Shab. 31a) What is hateful to yourself do not do to your 
fellow man; this is the whole Torah, and the rest is commentary; go, 
study. 

II Enoch, 1-60 A.D. 

43:3 There is none better than he who fears God, he shall be more 

glorious in the time to come. 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHics 177 


Il, PALESTINIAN 


Tobit, Date Uncertain, 350-170 B.C. 
4:15 And what you yourself hate, do to no man. 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Reub. 6:9 Iadjure you by the God of heaven to do truth each one 
to his neighbor, and to entertain love each one for his brother. 

Sim. 4:7 Do you also my children love each one his brother with 
a good heart. 

Iss. 5:2 Love the Lord and your neighbor. 

Iss. 7:6 I loved the Lord, likewise also every man with all my 
heart. 

Dan 5:3 Love the Lord through all your life, and one another 
with a true heart. 

Gad 6:3 Love one another from the heart. 


Psalms of Solomon, about 60 B.C. 


14:1 Faithful is the Lord to them that love him in truth, 
To them that endure his chastening, 
To them that walk in the righteousness of his commandments 
In the law which he commanded us that we might live. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C-70 A.D. 


4:3 He delivered (the commandment) to Isaac and Jacob and 
they observed (it) and were recorded as friends of God. 


Assumption of Moses, 7-29 A.D. 


9:6 Let us die rather than transgress the commands of the Lord 
of Lords, the God of our fathers. 

12:10 Those therefore who do and fulfill the commandments of 
God shall increase and be prospered. 


Pirke Aboth, ca. 200 A.D. 


1:2 On three things the world stands: on the Torah, and on the 
Service, and on the doing of kindnesses. 

1:12 Hillel said: Be of the disciples of Aaron, one that loves 
peace, ... . that loves mankind, and brings them nigh to Torah. 

1:15 Shammai said: Make your Torah a fixed duty. 

2:1 Be careful over a light precept as over a weighty, for you do 
not know the giving of the rewards of the precepts. 

2:4 Make his will as your will that he may make your will as 
his will; efface your will before his will that he may efface the will of 
others before your will. 


178 } Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


2:9 If you have practised much Torah, do not take credit to 
yourself, for for that purpose were you created. 

4:12 Do little in business and be busy with the Torah. 

6:2 Everyone who is not occupied with the Torah is called 
reprobate. 


D. THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 
Wendt, I, 325-29; art. ‘‘Love,’”’ H. DCG, esp. pp. 80-83. 


12. THE BASIS AND CRITERION OF AUTHORITY 
FOR CONDUCT AND BELIEF 


DEFINITION OF TERMS 


1. Authority is the right to control the thought, utterance, or 
conduct of one’s self or another. 

2. Authority may be absolute or relative; ultimate or derived. 
A captain’s authority holds as against the soldier’s, but not as against 
the colonel’s. A governess may have authority in relation to the child, 
but subject to and derived from the parent. 

3. Authority may be valid in one realm, but not exist at all in 
another. The state may have the right to compel the payment of 
taxes, but not to require men to pray. A parent may have the right to 
control his child’s conduct, but not his opinion. 

4. Authority may pertain to certain persons, and not to others. 
One may have authority over his own children, but not over his neighbor’s. 
A general may command his own soldiers, not those of another nation. 

5. Authority must be distinguished from the right to influence 
another, though the dividing-line between the two may be difficult to 
draw. When does a parent’s right to exhort, persuade, influence a 
child, pass into the right to command, or when does the right to command 
cease, leaving only the right to persuade? 

6. Authority must be distinguished from infallibility. The parent 
has authority, but not necessarily infallibility. So the teacher, the 
policeman, the state. In itself the affirmation of authority does not 
carry the assertion of infallibility, nor does the assertion of infallibility 
carry the affirmation of right to compel others to accept one’s opinion. 

7. Distinction must be made between (a) the fact of authority; 
(b) the content of the authoritative; (c) the basis of authority; (d) the 
criterion of authority. 

We may agree that the law is authoritative, but disagree as to 
what the content of the law is. We may agree that the state has 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 179 


authority in a certain realm; but disagree as to what the basis of that 
authority is. We may find authority in the will and character of God, 
but differ both as to what the criterion is by which we may know what 
is the will of God and what the content of his will. 


Tur ELEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM 


The consideration of the teaching of Jesus concerning authority 
involves the following questions: 

1. In what did Jesus (according to John, according to the synop- 
tists, in his own thinking) find the authoritative? 

2. Over what area does authority extend? Does it pertain to 
conduct, or to belief, or to both? 

3. What is the content of the authoritative in the sphere of 
conduct? Is it a single principle of action or an extended series of 
commands ? 

4. Who is subject to authority? If authorities are graded, which 
is the more ultimate? What is the basis of authority? What is the 
criterion of authority ? 


A. Tus JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn1:1-18 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was God. 
2 This Word was in the beginning with God. 3 All things came into 
being through him, and apart from him there came into being not one 
thing that has come to be. 4 In him was life, and the life that was in 
him was the light of men. 5 And the light shone in the darkness, and 
the darkness did not apprehend! it. (6 There came a man sent from 
God, whose name was John. 7 He came for testimony, to bear testi- 
mony concerning the light, that through him all men might believe. 
8 He was not the light, but came to testify concerning the light.) 
9 There was the true light which enlightens every man that comes into the 
world. 10 He was in the world, and the world came into being through 
him, and the world did not know him. 11 He came to his own home, 
and his own people did not receive him, 12 but to as many as received 
him, to those who believed in his name, he gave the privilege of becoming 
children of God, 13 who were born not of blood, nor of the will of the 
flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. 14 And the Word became 
flesh? and dwelt among us for a time? and we saw his glory, glory as of 
an only Son sent from a father, full of grace and truth. (15 John 
testified of him and cried, saying, This is he of whom I said, He that 
comes after me was before me, because he existed before me, being first 


1 Or ‘‘overcome.”’ 


2T.e., ‘a corporeal being.” 3‘**Lived among us in a tent,”’ 


180 THe TEACHING OF Jusus 


of all.) 16 Because of his abundance we all received, and grace after 
grace. 17 Because the law was given through Moses, grace and truth 
came through Jesus Christ. 18 God, no man has ever seen; an only 
Son, himself God, who is in the bosom of the Father, he has been his 
interpreter. 

Jn 1:29-34 The next day John saw Jesus coming to him, and said, 
See! there 1s the Lamb of God that takes away the sin of the world. 
30 This is he of whom I said, After me comes one who was before me, 
because he existed before me, being first of all. 31 And 1 did not know 
him, but for this reason I came baptizing in water, that he might be 
manifested to Israel. 32 And John testified, saying, I have seen the 
Spirit descending as a dove out of heaven, and it remained upon him. 
33 And I did not know, but he that sent me to baptize in water, he said 
to me, He upon whom you shall see the Spirit descending and remaining 
on him, this is he that baptizes in Holy Spirit. 34 And I have seen 
and have testified that this is the Son of God. 

Jn 1:43-51. (See under 10, A, p. 168.) 

Jn 2:23—3:3 When Jesus was in Jerusalem attending the feast 
of the Passover, many believed in his name, seeing the signs that he 
was doing. 24 But Jesus did not trust himself to them, because he 
knew all men 25 and because he had no need that any one should testify 
concerning man, for he himself knew what wasin man. 3:1 Now there 
was a Pharisee, whose name was Nichodemus, a ruler of the Jews, 2 who 
came to Jesus at night and said to him, Rabbi, we know that you have 
come from God as a teacher, for no one can do these signs unless God 
is with him. 3 Jesus answered him, In very truth I tell you, Unless a 
man is born anew he can not see the Kingdom of God. 

Jn 3:19 And this is the basis of judgment: that the light has come 
into the world, and men loved the darkness rather than the light; 
for their deeds were wicked. 

Jn 5:19-47 Jesus therefore said to them, In very truth I tell you, 
The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he sees the Father doing: 
for whatever he does, these things the Son also does in like manner. 
20 For the Father loves the Son, and shows him all things that he him- 
self does: and greater works than these will he show him, that you may 
marvel. 21 For as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, even 
so the Son also gives life to whom he will. 22 For neither does the 
Father judge any man, but he has given all judgment to the Son; 23 that 
all may honor the Son, even as they honor the Father. He that does 
not honor the Son, does not honor the Father that sent him. 24 In 
very truth i tell you, He that hears my word, and believes him that 
sent me, has eternal life, and comes not into judgment, but has passed 
out of death into life. 25 In very truth I tell you, The hour is coming, 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ErHics 181 


and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God; and 
those who hear shall live. 26 For as the Father has life in himself, 
even so he gave to the Son also to have life in himself: 27 and he gave 
him authority to execute judgment, because he is a son of man. 28 
Be not astonished at this: for the hour is coming, in which all that are 
in the tombs shall hear his voice, 29 and shall come forth; those who 
have done good, to a resurrection of life; and those whose practices 
have been evil, to a resurrection of judgment. 30 I can do nothing of 
myself. As I hear I judge, and my judgment is righteous, because I 
seek not what I will, but the will of him that sent me. 31 If I testify 
concerning myself, my testimony is not true. 32 There is another that 
testifies concerning me, and I know that the testimony which he testi- 
fies concerning me is true. 33 You have sent to John, and he has 
testified to the truth. 34 But I do not receive testimony from a man. 
But I say these things that you may be saved. 35 John was the burning 
and shining lamp, and you were willing to rejoice for a time in his light. 
36 But I have greater testimony than that of John, for the works which 
the Father has given me to accomplish, the very works that I do, testify 
concerning me that the Father has sent me, 37 and the Father that sent 
me, he has testified concerning me. You have never heard his voice 
nor seen his form, 38 and you have not his word abiding in you, for you 
do not believe him whom he sent. 389 You search the scriptures, 
because you think that in them you have eternal life, and it is they 
that testify concerning me. 40 And you will not come to me that you 
may have life. 41 I do not receive praise from men, 42 but I know 
that you have not the love of God in you. 438 I have come in my 
Father’s name, and you do not receive me. If another comes in his 
own name, him you will receive. 44 How can you believe, when you 
receive praise from one another, and the approval that comes from the 
only (God) you do not seek? 45 Do not think that it is I who will 
accuse you to the Father; it is Moses who will accuse you, on whom 
you have set your hope. 46 For if you believe Moses, you would believe 
me, for he wrote concerning me. 47 But if you do not believe his 
writings, how will you believe my words? 

Jn 7:16, 17 My teaching is not mine but his that sent me. 17 If 
any man is willing to do his will he will know whether my teaching is 
from God or whether I speak from myself. 

Jn 10:8 All that came before me are thieves and robbers. But 
the sheep did not hear them. 

Jn 10:24-27, 30-88 So the Jews gathered around him and said, 
How long are you going to keep us in suspense? If you are the Christ, 
tell us plainly. 25 Jesus answered them, I told you, and you did not 
believe me. The works that I do in my Father’s name, these testify 


182 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


concerning me. 26 But you do not believe, because you are not of 
my sheep. 27 My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they 
follow me..... 30 I and the Father are one. 31 The Jews picked 
up stones to stone him. 32 Jesus said to them, Many good works 
have I shown you from the Father. For which kind of these works 
are you stoning me? 33 The Jews answered, Not for a good work 
are we stoning you, but for blasphemy, and because you, though a man, 
make yourself God. 34 Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your 
law, I said, You are gods? 35 If he called those men gods, to whor 
the word of God came, and the scripture can not be broken, 36 do you 
say of him whom the Father consecrated and sent into the world, You 
are a blasphemer, because I said, I am a Son of God? 37 If Iam 
not doing the works of my Father, do not believe me. 388 But if Iam 
doing them, even if you do not believe me, believe the works, that you 
may perceive and know that I am in the Father and the Father in me. 

Jn 12:35, 36, 44-49. (See under 9, 1, A, p. 147.) 

Jn 14:10, 11 Do you not believe that I am in the Father, and the 
Father in me? The words that I speak to you, I do not speak from 
myself. 11 The Father that abides in me, does his works. Believe 
me that I am in the Father, and the Father in me; or else believe me 
just because of the works. 


B. THE Synoptic TEACHING 

Mk1:16-20 And passing along by the Sea of Galilee, he saw Simon, 
and Andrew the brother of Simon, casting a net in the Sea; for they were 
fishers. 17 And Jesus said to them, Follow me, and I will make you 
fishers of men. 18 And immediately they left the nets, and followed 
him. 19 And going on a little further, he saw James the son of Zebedee, 
and John his brother, who also were in the boat putting their nets in 
order. 20 And immediately he called them: and they left their father 
Zebedee in the boat with the hired servants, and went after him [22. 
Mt 4:18-22; Lk 5:1-11 (26) G]. 

Mk 2:14 And as he passed by he saw Levi, the son of Alphaeus, 
sitting at the place where taxes were paid, and he said to him, Follow 
me. And he arose and followed him [29. Mt 9:9; Lk 5:27, 28]. 

Mk 2:18-22 And the disciples of John and the Pharisees were 
fasting: and they came and said to him, Why do the disciples of John 
and the disciples of the Pharisees fast, and your disciples do not fast? 
19 The friends of the bridegroom can’t fast while he is with them, can 
they ? replied Jesus. While they have him with them they can not fast. 
20 But days will come when the bridegroom is taken from them, and 
then they will fast, that day! 21 Nobody sews on an old garment a 
patch of cloth that has not been shrunk. If he does, the patch pulls 
away, the new from the old, and the tear gets worse. 22 And nobody 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 183 


puts freshly made (and as yet unfermented) wine into used (and so 
already fully stretched) wineskins. If he does, the wine will burst the 
wineskins and both the wine and wineskins are ruined. Fresh wine 
must be put into fresh wineskins [80. Mt 9:14-17; Lk 5:33-39]. 

Mk 2:23-28 Now he was going on the Sabbath through the grain 
fields; and his disciples began as they went to pluck the heads of grain. 
24 And the Pharisees said to him, See here, why are they doing on the 
Sabbath what is not permitted? 25 And he said to them, Did you 
never read what David did when he was in need, and he and his com- 
panions were hungry, 26 how he went into the house of God in the 
priesthood of Abiathar, and ate ‘‘the loaves of presentation”? which no 
one except the priests is allowed to eat, and gave also to his companions ? 
27 And he said to them, The Sabbath was made for man, and not man 
for the Sabbath. 28 So that the Son of man is lord even of the Sabbath 
[81.. Mt 12:1-8; Lk 6:1-5]. 

Mk 3:1-6 And he entered again into a synagogue; and there was 
a man there who had his hand withered. 2 And they watched him 
to see whether he would heal him on the Sabbath, that they might make 
a charge against him. 3 And he said to the man who had his hand 
withered, Stand up.! 4 And he said to them, Is it permissible on the 
Sabbath day to do good or to do evil, to save life or to kill? And they 
said nothing. 5 And he looked around at them with anger, and with 
grief at the hardening of their hearts.2, He said to the man, Stretch 
out your hand. And he stretched it out, and it was restored. 6 And 
the Pharisees went out and immediately took counsel with the Herodians 
how to destroy him [82. Mt 12:9-14; Lk 6:6-11]. 

Mk 3:35 Whoever shall do the will of God? he is my brother and 
sister and mother [51. Mt 12:50; Lk 8:21]. 

Mk 7:1-23 And there gathered about him the Pharisees and 
some of the scribes, having come from Jerusalem, 2 and seeing that 
‘some of his disciples were eating without having first washed their 
hands. 3 (For the Pharisees and the Jews generally do not eat without 
having first punctiliously washed their hands, observing in this the 
tradition of the Elders, 4 and when they come from the market do not 
eat without having first undergone a ceremonial purification,> and there 


1Mt 12:11 adds: ‘‘and he said to them, What man of you who has a single sheep 
will not, if it falls into a pit on the Sabbath, lay hold of it and lift it out?’’ 

2 Mt 12:12 reads: ‘‘How much better a manisthanasheep. So that it is lawful 
to do good on the Sabbath”’ and omits: ‘‘and looking round about them with anger, 
being grieved at the hardening of their hearts.”” Lk 6:10 omits: “‘with anger, being 
grieved at the hardening of their hearts.” 

3 Mt 12:50 reads: ‘‘my Father who is in heaven.”’ 

4T.e., the teaching handed down from the teachers of former times. 

5 Most ancient authorities read: ‘‘ without having bathed’’; but some of the 
most ancient read: ‘‘ without having been sprinkled.” 


184 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


are many other things which they have received and hold, such as 
dipping of cups and pots and brazen vessels! into water.)? 5 And the 
Pharisees aad the scribes asked bim, Why do your disciples disregard 
the traditions of the Elders and eat without having first washed their 
hands? 6 And be said to them, Well did Isaiah describe you hypo- 
crites, in the words that are written in his prophecy, “This people 
honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. 7 But there is 
no worship of me in their teaching what are but teachings of men.’ 
8 You have left the commandment of God and observe the tradition 
of men.2 9 And he said to them, Very effectively do you reject the 
commandment of God to keep your own tradition. 10 For Moses 
said, ‘‘Honor your father and mother,” and ‘‘He that speaks evil of 
father or mother shall surely be put to death.” 11 But you say, “If a 
man shall say to his father or his mother, ‘Corban,’”’ in other words 
“Whatever of mine might yield you an income is dedicated”’ 12 he must 
not do any thing for his father or mother, 13 thus annulling the word 
of God by your tradition which you have handed down. And many 
things like this you do. 

14 And calling the people to him again, he said to them, Hear, all 
of you, and understand. 15 There is nothing which entering a man can 
defile him. It is the things that go forth from the man that defile the 
man. 17 And when he had left the crowd and come into the house, 
his disciples asked him to explain his aphorism. 18 And he said to 
them, Are you also so dull? Do you not see that nothing that enters 
the man can defile him, 19 because it does not go into his heart, but into 
his belly, and goes into the sink. (This he said making all foods clean.) 
20 And he said, It is that which goes out from a man that defiles him. 
21 For from within, out of the heart of men, the evil thoughts come, 
fornications, thefts, murders, adulteries, 22 covetousness,’ malice,® 
deceit,> wantonness,® envy,® slander, pride,‘ folly.2 23 All these things, 
which are evil, come from within, and defile the man® [80. Mt 15:1-20]. 

Mk 11:27-83 And as he was walking in the temple the chief 
priests and the scribes and the elders came to him 28 and said to him, 
What kind of authority is it by which you do these things? or who gave 
you this authority to do them? 29 And Jesus said to them, I’ll ask 
you one question, and if you answer it I’ll tell you by what kind of 


1Some ancient authorities add: ‘‘and cots.” 

2 Mt 15:1 omits the words in parentheses. 

3 Matthew, chap. 13, does not contain vs. 8. 

4 Matthew omits the words in parentheses. 

5 Matthew omits these words, but adds: ‘‘false witness.” 


6 Mt 15:20 adds: ‘‘but to eat without having washed one’s hands does not defile 
the man.” 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 185 

authority I do these things. 30 Was the baptism of John from heaven 
or from men? Tell me that. 31 And they discussed the matter 
among themselves saying, If we say from heaven, he will say, Why 
then did you not believe him? 32 Shall we say then, From men?— 
they were afraid of the people, for they all regarded John as a 
real prophet. 33 So they answered Jesus, We do not know. And 
Jesus said to them, Then Ill not tell you by what kind of authority I 


do these things [148. Mt 21:23-27; Lk 20:1-8]. 


Mk 8:11, 12 And the Pharisees 
came out and began to question 
him, demanding a sign from 
heaven, trying him. 12 And Jesus, 
saddened in spirit, said to them, 
Why does this generation demand 
a sign? Of a truth I tell you, 
this generation will not be given 
a sign [84]. (See Mt 12:38-41; 
Lk 1:29, 30, 32, below, p. 185.) 


Mt 12:38-41 Then certain of the 
scribes and Pharisees said to him, 
Teacher, We desire to see a sign 
from you. 39 And he said to 
them, An evil and adulterous 
generation demands a sign. And 
it shall be given no sign except the 
sign of Jonah the prophet. 40 
For as Jonah was in the belly of 
the whale three days and three 
nights so shall the Son of man be 
three days and three nights in the 
heart of the earth. 41 Men of 
Nineveh will rise up in the judg- 
ment with this generation and will 
condemn it, because they repented 
at the preaching of Jonah, and a 
greater than Jonah is here [50. 
Vss. 39, 40a, 41 P; 38, 40b M?]. 


Mt 16:1, 2,4 And the Pharisees 
and the Sadducees coming to him, 
trying him, asked him to show 
them a sign from heaven. 2 And 
he said to them, ... . 4 An evil 
and adulterous generation de- 
mands a sign. And it shall be 
given no sign except the sign of 
Jonah [84]. 


Lk 11:29, 30,32 And as the multi- 
tude were thronging about him, he 
began to say, This is an evil gener- 
ation. It demands a sign. And 
it shall be given no sign except 
the sign of Jonah. 30 For as 
Jonah was a sign to the Ninevites 
so shall the Son of man be to this 
generation. .... 32 Men of Nine- 
veh will rise up in the judgment 
with this generation, and will con- 
demn it, because they repented at 
the preaching of Jonah, and a 
greater than Jonah is here [107. P]. 


Lk 11:46 And he said, Woe to you lawyers also! for you load 
men with heavy burdens, and you yourselves do not touch the burdens 
with one of your fingers [110. P; Mt 23:4 (156)]. 


186 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Lk 11:52 Woe to you lawyers! for you took away the key of knowl- 
edge: you did not enter yourselves, and those that were entering you 
hindered [110. P]. 

Lk 12:54-59 And he said to the multitudes also, When you see a 
cloud rising in the west, immediately you say, There is a shower coming; 
and it turns out so. 55 And when you notice a south wind blowing you 
say, It will be scorching hot; and it turns out so. 56 You hypocrites, 
you know how to interpret the appearance of the earth and heaven; 
but how is it that you do not know how to interpret this time? 57 
And why do you not of yourselves judge what is right? 58 For as you 
are going with your adversary to the magistrate, on the way, do your 
best to secure release from him lest perchance he drag you to the judge, 
and the judge deliver you to the officer and the officer throw you into 
prison. 59 I tell you, You will not be discharged until you have paid 
the very last cent [117. P; cf. Mt 16:2, 3 (84); 5:25, 26 (87)]. 


Mt 23:2, 9,10 The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses’ chair. 

. 9 And call no earthly father yours, for one is yours, the Father 
that is in heaven. 10 Neither be called masters, for your master is one, 
the Messiah. But your greatest man shall be your servant [156. M]. 


C. Tue Views or JEwisH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Sibylline Oracles (Book III), Second Century B.C. 


3:162, 163 The message of the great God fluttered in my breast 
163 and bade me prophesy. 

3:256-58 Then God gave them the law forth from heaven, 257 
writing all its ordinances on two tables, 258 and commanded to keep 
them. 

Letter of Aristeas, after 130 B.C. 

127 The good life consists in the keeping of the enactments of 
the law, and this end is achieved much more by hearing than by reading. 

189 If a man maintains a just bearing towards all, he will always 
act rightly on every occasion, remembering that every thought is known 
to God. If you take the fear of God as your starting point, you will 
never miss the goal. 

231 It is the gift of God to be able to do good actions. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 
Cherub. 31 (1:201) Of the supreme authority of the ne God, 
the sacred scripture is a true witness. 


Mig. Abr. 23 (2:71) AsGodcommands.... inthat very manner 
does the virtuous man act, guiding the path of his life in a blameless 


PERSONAL RELIGION AND ETHICS 187 


way, so that the actions of the wise man are in no respect different from 
the divine commands. 


Sibylline Oracles (Book V), before 130 A.D. 


5:264, 265 No longer shall the Greeks’ unclean foot run riot in 
your land, 265 for they shall have within their breasts a mind that con- 
forms to your laws. 

II. PALESTINIAN 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 
Iss. 7:1 I am a hundred and twenty-six years old and am not 
conscious of committing any sin. 


Asher 1:5 For there are two ways of good and evil, and with these 
are the two inclinations in our breasts discriminating them. 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


1:3 I thought in my heart that I was full of righteousness, 
Because I was well off and had become rich in children. 


2:17 Thou hast rendered to sinners according to their deeds, 
Yes, according to their sins which were very wicked. 


9:7 Our works are subject to our own choice and power, 
To do right or wrong in the works of our hands. 


10:5 The testimony of the Lord is on the ways of men in his visitation. 


18:4,5 Thy chastisement is upon us as (upon) a first-born, only- 
begotten son, 
To turn back the obedient soul from folly (that is wrought) in 
ignorance. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C-70 A.D. 


1:7 And God considered their works; 
For they sought him with a perfect heart. 
And he raised them up a Teacher of righteousness 
To lead them in the way of his heart. 


1:10 And they chose their own will 
And went about after the stubbornness of their heart, 
Every man doing his own will. 


5:1 God confirmed the covenant of Israel for ever 
Revealing unto them the hidden things 
Wherein all Israel had erred. 


188 Tut TEACHING OF JESUS 


Assumption of Moses, 7-29 A.D. 


12:10, 11 Those therefore who do and fulfill the commandments 
of God shall increase and be prospered: 11 but those who sin and set 
at naught the commandments shall be without the blessings before 


mentioned. 
IT Baruch, 50-100 A.D. 


15:5 Man would not rightly have understood my judgment, unless 
he had accepted the law, and I had instructed him in understanding. 


Pirke Aboth, ca. 200 A.D. 


3:19 All is foreseen, and free will is given, and the world is judged 
by goodness, and all is according to the amount of work. 

4:8 Everyone who honors the Torah is himself honored of men. 
And every one who dishonors the Torah is himself dishonored of men. 

4:10 Judgenot alone; for there is none save One that judges alone. 


D. Tuer TEACHING oF JESUS 
E. Mopern LITERATURE 


M’Pheeters, art. “Authority in Religion,” H. DCG; Iverach, art. 
“Authority,” H. HRE; Sabatier, Religions of Authority and the 
Religion of the Spirit,’”’ pp. 255-800. 


CHAPTER III 
THE KINGDOM OF GOD! 


A. Tue JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 3:3-6 Jesus answered him, In very truth I tell you, Unless a 
man is born anew he can not see the kingdom of God. 4 Nicodemus 
said to him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter a 
second time into his mother’s womb and be born? 5 Jesus answered, 
In very truth I tell you, Unless a man is born of water and Spirit, he 
can not enter the kingdom of God. 6 That which is born of the flesh 
is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. 

Compare Jn 18:36, 37 Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this 
world. If my kingdom were of this world, my servants would fight 
to prevent my being delivered to the Jews: in fact, my kingdom is not 
from this source. 387 Pilate said to him, Are you then a king? Jesus 
answered, Yes, I amaking. To this end have I been born and to this 
end have I come into the world, that I might testify to the truth. 
Every one that is of the truth hears my voice. 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 1:14, 15 And after John was thrown into prison Jesus came 
into Galilee preaching the gospel of God 15 and saying, The appointed 
time is completed and the kingdom of God is near at hand; repent and 
believe in the gospel [20. Mt 4:12, 17]. 

Mk 4:11 To you has been given the mystery of the kingdom of 
God [58. Mt 13:11; Lk 8:102], 

Mk 4:26-29 And he said, The kingdom of God is like a man 
sowing seed in the ground. 27 He sleeps and rises night and day, and 
the seed springs up and grows, he knows not how. 28 The earth bears 
fruit of itself; first the blade, then the head, then the full grain in the 
head. 29 But when the grain is ripe, immediately he begins to reap 
the grain because the harvest has come [57]. 

1 Under this general title are grouped all the passages pertaining to the Kingdom 
of God. The passages dealing with special phases of this subject are cited under topics 
13-17. It is recommended that all these passages be read continuously, as printed 


here, and that then each phase of the subject be taken up for more careful study, the 
passages being restudied as listed below. 


2Lk 8:10 reads: ‘‘To you has been given to know the mysteries’’; Matthew 
reads: ‘‘of the kingdom of heaven.”’ 


189 


190 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mk 4:30-32 And he said, How shall I compare the kingdom of 
God or in what comparison shall I set it? 31 It is like a grain of 
mustard seed which, though when it is sown upon the earth is smaller 
than all the seeds that are in the earth, 32 yet comes up and becomes 
greater than all the garden plants and puts out great branches so that 
the birds of heaven lodge under the shadow of it [58. Mt 18:31, 32; 
Lk 18:18, 19. P (120)]. 

Mk 9:1 Of a truth I tell you, that some of those who are standing 
here shall not taste death till they see the kingdom of God come (.e., 
having come) with power! [87. Mt 16:28; Lk 9:27?]. 

Mk 9:47 And if your eye causes you to sin, pluck it out. It is 
good for you to enter the kingdom of God? with one eye rather than 
having two eyes to be thrown into Gehenna [94. Mt 18:9]. 

Mk 10:14 Suffer the little children to come to me; hinder them 
not, for of such is the kingdom of God [186. Mt 19:14;4 Lk 18:16]. 

Mk 10:15 Of a truth I tell you, whoever shall not receive tne 
kingdom of God as a little child will by no means enter it [186. Mt 
18:3° (92); Lk 18:17]. 

Mk 10:23-25 And Jesus looked around and said to his disciples, 
How hard it will be for those that have riches to enter the kingdom of 
God. 24 And the disciples were astonished at his words. But Jesus 
said to them again, Children, how hard it is to enter the kingdom of 
God! 25 It is easier for a camel to go through a needle’s eye than for 
a rich man to enter the kingdom of God [137. Mt 19:23, 24; Lk 18:24, 
25; Matthew and Luke omit Mark’s vs. 24]. 

Mk 12:34 And Jesus, seeing that he answered with understand- 
ing, said to him, You are not far from the kingdom of God [154]. 

Mk 14:25 Of a truth I tell you, that I will no more drink of the 
fruit of the vine until the day I drink it anew in the kingdom of God 
[173. Mt 26:29;§ Lk 22:187]. 

Mk 15:43 Joseph of Arimathea, a councillor of good repute, who 
was also expecting the kingdom of God’ [179. Lk 23:50, 51 J]. 


1Mt 16:28 reads: ‘“‘till they see the Son of man coming in his kingdom.” 
2 Lk 9:27 omits: ‘‘come with power.” 

3 Mt 18:9 reads: ‘‘enter into life.” 

4Mt 19:14 reads: “kingdom of heaven.” 


5 Mt 18:3 reads: ‘‘Unless you turn and become as little children, you will by no 
means enter the kingdom of heaven.” 


6 Mt 26:29 reads: “‘in the kingdom of my Father.’’ 
7 Lk 22:18 reads: ‘until the kingdom of God comes.” 
8 Mt 27:57 reads: ‘‘ who was also a disciple of Jesus.” 


Tue Kinapom or Gop 191 


Mt 5:3 Blessed are the poor in Lk 6:20 Blessed are you who are 
spirit; for theirs is the kingdom poor; for yours is the kingdom of 
of heaven [385. M]. God [85. G]. 


Lk 7:28 Among those that are born of women there is no one 
greater than John; but he that is least in the kingdom of God is greater 
than he [47. G; Mt 11:11]. 

Lk 11:2 Thy kingdom come [105. P; Mt 6:10 (38) M]. 

Lk 11:20 But if I by the finger! of God expel the demons, then 
the kingdom of God has come upon you [106. Mt 12:28 (50)]. 

Lk 12:31 But make his kingdom the object of your endeavor and 
these things will be given to you besides? [113. P; Mt 6:33 (89)]. 

Lk 18:18, 19 To what is the kingdom of God like, and to what 
shall I compare it? 19 It is like a grain of mustard seed which a man 
took and sowed in his garden and it grew and became a tree and the 
birds of heaven lodged in its branches [120. P; Mt 18:31, 32 (58); 
ef. Mk 4:30-32 above]. 

Lk 13:20, 21 To what shall I compare the kingdom of God? 
21 It is like leaven which a woman took and hid in three measures of 
meal till it was all leavened [120. P; Mt 13:33 (59)]. 

Lk 13:28, 29 There shall be the weeping and the gnashing of 
teeth when you see Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and all the prophets 
in the kingdom of God but yourselves banished without. 29 And they 
shall come from the east and the west and from the north and the 
south and shall sit down at table in the kingdom of God [121. P; Mt 
8:11, 123 (45)]. 

Lk 16:16 The law and the prophets lasted until John came. Since 
then the good news of the kingdom of God has been preached, and 
everyone forces his way into it [129. P; Mt 11:18, 124 (47)]. 


Lk 4:43 In the other cities also I must preach the good news of 
the kingdom of God,® because for this purpose I was sent [25]. 

Lk 8:1 And.... he went about through cities and villages 
preaching and announcing the good tidings of the kingdom of God and 
the twelve were with him [49. G]. 


1Mt 12:28 reads: ‘‘by the spirit of God.” 

2Mt 6:33 reads: ‘‘But make his kingdom and his righteousness the first object 
of your endeavor and all these things will be given to you besides.”’ 

3 Mt 8:11, 12 reads: ‘‘Many will come from east and west and will sit down at 
table with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven. 12 But the sons 
of the kingdom will be banished into the outer darkness: there shall be the weeping and 
the gnashing of teeth.” 

4Mt¢t 11:12, 13 reads: ‘For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John 
came; but from the days of John the Baptist until now the kingdom of God has been 
assaulted and violent men have been seizing it.” 


5 ‘*The good news of the kingdom of God”’ is an addition to Mk 1:38, 


192 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


Lk 9:59, 60 He said to another man, Follow me. The man 
replied, Permit me first to go and bury my father. 60 And he said to 
him, Leave the dead to bury their own dead; as for you, go and announce 
the kingdom of God [100. P; cf. Mt 8:22]. 

Lk 9:61, 62 Another man said to him, I will follow you, sir, but 
first let me tell the folks at home goodbye. 62 And Jesus said to him, 
No one who has put his hand to the plow and looks behind is fit for the 
kingdom of God [100. P]. 

Lk 10:9-15 Say to them, The kingdom of God is nearly upon 
you. 10 And in whatever city you enter and they do not receive you 
go out into its streets and say, 11 The very dust that clings to our feet 
from your city we wipe off; but know this, that the kingdom of God is 
near at hand. 12 I tell you that for Sodom it will be more tolerable 
in that day than for that city. 18 Woe to you, Chorazin; woe to you, 
Bethsaida; because if in Tyre and Sidon there had occurred the demon- 
strations of power that have happened in you, they would long ago 
have repented, sitting in sackcloth and ashes. 14 However, it will be 
more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon in the judgment than for you. 15 
And you, Capernaum! you are lifted up to the sky, aren’t you? You 
will come down to the underworld [101. P]! 

Lk 12:32 Dismiss your fears, little flock, because it is your 
Father’s gracious purpose to give you the kingdom [113. P]. 

Lk 14:15-24 And one of those who was at table with him, hearing 
what he said, said to him, Blessed is every man who shall eat bread in 
the kingdom of God. 16 And he said, A certain man was intending 
to give a great dinner, and he invited many guests. 17 And at the 
time of the dinner he sent his servant to say to those who had been 
invited, Come, for already things are ready. 18 And they began with 
one mind to ask to be excused. The first one said, I have bought a 
field and must go and see it: I beg you, have me excused. 19 And 
another one said, I have bought five yoke of oxen and I am going to 
try them out: I beg you, have me excused. 20 And another said, I 
have married a wife and therefore I cannot come. 21 And the servant 
came and told his master these things. Then the master of the house 
being angry said to his servant, Go out quickly into the streets and 
alleys of the city and bring in here the poor and maimed and blind and 
lame. 22 And the servant said, Sir, what you commanded has been 
done and there is still room. 23 And the master said to his servant, 
Go out into the roads and along the hedges and compel them to come 
in that my house may be filled. 24 For I tell you, not one of those men 
that was invited shall taste of my dinner [123. P]. 

Lk 17:20, 21 And being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom 
of God would come, he answered them, The kingdom of God does not 


THe Kincpom oFr Gop 193 


come with watching for it! 21 Nor will they say, Here it is; or, There 
it is; for the kingdom of God is within you? [133. P]. 

Lk 19:11-28 And while they were listening to these things he 
added a parable, because he was near Jerusalem and they thought 
that the kingdom of God would immediately appear. 12 He said 
therefore, A certain man of the ruling class went into a far country to 
get himself appointed king and to return. 13 And he called ten serv- 
ants of his and gave them a thousand shekels and said to them, Trade 
with this money until I come back. 14 But his citizens hated him and 
sent a committee after him to say, We do not want this man to be king 
over us. 15 And when he returned, having received his appointment 
as king, he commanded the servants to whom he had given the money 
to be called to him in order to learn what business they had done. 
16 And the first came saying, Sir, your hundred shekels have made a 
thousand. 17 And he said to him, Excellent! good servant, because 
in a very little you have been faithful I give you authority over ten cities. 
18 And the second came saying, Your hundred shekels have made 
five hundred. 19 And he said to this man also, And you shall be over 
five cities. 20 And the third man came saying, Sir, here are your 
hundred shekels which I was keeping wrapped up in a napkin. 21 For 
I was afraid of you for you are a hard man. You take away what you 
did not deposit and you reap what you did not sow. 22 And he said 
to him, By your own words I will judge you, wicked servant. You 
knew that I was a hard man, taking away what I did not deposit and 
reaping what I did not sow? 23 Why then did you not deposit my 
money in a bank? In that case when I came back I should have 
received it with interest. 24 And he said to those that stood by, Take 
the hundred shekels from him and give them him that has the thousand. 
25 And they said, Sir, he has a thousand shekels. 26 I tell you, that 
to every one that has shall be given and from him that has nothing even 
what he has shall be taken away [148. P; cf. Mt 25:14-29 (167. M)]. 

Lk 21:29-82 See the fig trees and all the trees. 380 When they 
put out their leaves of yourselves you know at once that the summer is 
nearathand. 31 So also you when yousee these things happening, know 
that the kingdom of God? is near. 32 Of a truth I tell you, that this 
generation shall not pass away until all these things have happened [164]. 


Mt 4:23 And he went about in all Galilee teaching in their syna- 
gogues and preaching the good news of the kingdom! [23]. 


1JT.e., ‘‘with signs that can be observed by one who is watching for it.” 
2T.e., ‘‘ within your group; among you.”’ 

8 The words ‘‘the kingdom of God”’ are an addition to Mk 13:29, 
4‘*The good news of the kingdom”’ is an addition to Mk 1:39. 


194 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mt 5:10 Blessed are those who have been persecuted on account 
of righteousness, because theirs is the kingdom of heaven [35. M]. 

Mt 5:17-20 Do not suppose that I came to destroy the law or 
the prophets: I came not to destroy, but to fulfill. 18 For of a truth 
I tell you, that until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter 
or fraction of a letter shall be dropped from the law, till all has been 
done. 19 Whoever therefore shall break one of these least com- 
mandments, and shall teach men to do so, will be regarded as least 
in the kingdom of heaven: but whoever shall observe them and shall 
teach others to do so, will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. 
20 For I say to you, that unless your righteousness is greater than that 
of the scribes and Pharisees, you will by no means enter the kingdom 
of heaven (cf. vss. 21-48, especially 23, 24, 44-48) [36. M]. 

Mt 7:21 Not every one that says to me, Lord, Lord, will enter the 
kingdom of heaven, but he that does the will of my Father who is in 
heaven [43]. 

Mt 9:35 And Jesus went about all the cities and villages teaching 
in their synagogues and preaching the good news of the kingdom! [70]. 

Mt18:19 When anyone hears the word of the kingdom? and under- 
stands it not the wicked one comes and snatches away that which has 
been sown in his heart [54]. 

Mt 13:24-30 The kingdom of heaven is like a man that sowed 
good seed in his field; 25 but while men slept his enemy came and sowed ° 
weeds among the wheat, and went away. 26 And when the grain 
came up and headed out, then the tares appeared along with the wheat. 
27 And the servants of the man who owned the wheat came and said 
to him, Sir, did you not sow good wheat in your field? Where then do 
these tares come from? 28 And he said to them, My enemy did this. 
And they said to him, Shall we go and pull them up? 29 But he said, 
No; lest pulling up the tares you root up the wheat also. 30 Let both 
grow together until the harvest: at harvest time then I will say to the 
reapers, First gather the tares and bind them into bundles to burn them, 
and then gather the wheat into my barn [56. M]. 

Mt 13:36-48 And his disciples came to him, saying, Explain to 
us the parable of the tares of the field. 37 And he answered, He that 
sows the good seed is the Son of man. 38 And the field is the world, 
and the good seed represents the sons of the kingdom, and the tares are 
the sons of the evil one. 39 And the enemy that sowed the tares is the 
devil, and the harvest is the consummation of the age, and the reapers 
are angels. 40 As therefore the tares will be gathered together and 
burned in the fire, so also will it be in the consummation of the age. 


1“ The good news of the kingdom”’ is an addition to Mk 6:6. 
2“The word of the kingdom” is an addition to Mk 4:15. 


Tur Kitnepom or Gop 195 


41 For the Son of man will send out his angels and they will gather out 
of his kingdom all things that lead men to sin and those that do iniquity, 
42 and they will throw them into the furnace of fire. There shall be 
the weeping and the gnashing of teeth. 43 Then the righteous will 
shine forth like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Let him that 
has ears hear [61. M]. 

Mt 13:44 The kingdom of heaven is like a treasure hid in the field 
which a man found and hid; and in his joy he went and sold all that he 
had and bought that field [62. M]. 

Mt 13:45, 46 The kingdom of heaven is like a merchant searching 
for valuable pearls; 46 and having found one pearl of great value, he 
went and sold all that he had and bought it [63. M]. 

Mt 18:47-50 The kingdom of heaven is like a net that was cast 
into the sea and took in fish of every kind. 48 And when it was filled 
the fishermen threw it up on the beach and sat down and gathered the 
good into vessels, but threw the bad away. 49 So shall it be at the 
completion of the age. There will come the angels and separate the 
wicked from the midst of the just 50 and hurl them into the fiery 
furnace; there will be wailing and gnashing of teeth [64. M]. 

Mt 138:51-53 Did you understand all these matters? They 
answer, Yes. 52 He said to them, Every religious teacher who is 
instructed in respect to the kingdom is like a man, a householder, who 
brings out of his storeroom new things and old. 53 When Jesus finished 
these parables he went away from that place [65. M]. 

Mt 16:18, 19 And I say to you, that you are Peter, and upon this 
rock I will build my church; and the gates of Hades shall not surpass it 
in strength. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven: 
and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever 
you loose on the earth will be loosed in heaven [86. M?; addition to 
Mk 8:29]. 

Mt 18:21-35 Then Peter said to him, Lord, how often shall my 
brother wrong me and I forgive him? up to seven times? 22 Jesus said 
to him, Not to seven times, but to seventy times seven. 23 There- 
fore the kingdom of heaven is like a man who wished to settle accounts 
with his servants. 24 And when he began to do so there was brought 
to him one who owed him ten thousand talents. 25 And as the man 
had nothing to pay, his master gave orders that he should be sold and 
his wife and his children and everything that he had and that payment 
be made. 26 The servant therefore falling down prostrated him- 
self before him saying, Give me time and I will pay you everything. 
27 And the master of that servant, moved with pity, released him and 
cancelled the debt. 28 That servant going out found one of his fellow- 
servants who owed him a hundred denarii, and he seized him and 


196 ‘Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


choked him saying, Pay what you owe. 29 The fellow-servant there- 
fore falling down, besought him, saying, Give me time and I will pay 
you. 30 But he would not, but he had the man thrown into prison 
until he should pay the debt. 381 When therefore his fellow-servants 
saw what had happened, they were greatly grieved and went and told 
their master the whole story. 32 And the master called the servant 
whose debt he had cancelled and said to him, Wicked servant, I forgave 
you all that debt of yours because you besought me to do so. 33 Ought 
you not to have had mercy upon your fellow-servant as I had mercy upon 
you? 384 And his master being angry gave him over to the tormentors 
until he should pay all his debt. 35 So also will your heavenly Father 
do to you if you do not each of you forgive your brother from your 
hearts! [98. M]. 

Mt 19:12 For there are eunuchs who were born so, and there are 
eunuchs who were made so by men, and there are eunuchs that have 
made themselves so for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. He who 
is able to understand, let him understand [135. M}]. 

Mt 20:1-16 For the kingdom of heaven is like a head of a house 
who went out early in the morning to hire workmen for his vineyard. 
2 And when he had agreed with them for a denarius a day he sent them 
into his vineyard. 3 And he went out about nine o’clock and saw 
others standing in the market-place idle. 4 And he said to them, Do 
you also go to the vineyard, and whatever is right I will give you. And 
they went. 5 And he went out again about twelve and three and did 
the same thing. 6 And about five o’clock he went out and found 
others standing and said to them, Why have you stood here all day 
idle? 7 They said to him, Because no man hired us. He said to 
them, Do you also go into the vineyard. 8 And when evening came 
the owner of the vineyard said to his steward, Call the workmen and 
pay them their wages beginning with the last and going to the first. 
9 And when those who had been hired at five o’clock came they 
received each adenarius. 10 And when those that were first hired came 
they supposed that they would receive more, and they received each a 
denarius. 11 And when they received it they murmured against the 
owner of the house 12 saying, These last worked one hour and you 
have made them equal to us who bore the burden and the heat of the 
day. 13 And he answered one of them, Friend, I’m not wronging you. 
Did I not agree with you for a denarius? 14 Take what belongs to 
you and go. I choose to give to this last the same that I give you. 
15 Is it not right for me to do what I will with what belongs to me? 
Or is your eye evil because mine is good? 16 So the last shall be first 
and the first last [138. M]. 


1 Compare Mt 6:14, 15 (88) and Mk 11:25 (147). 


THe KInGpom or Gop 197 


Mt 21:31 Jesus said to them, Of a truth I tell you, that the tax- 
collectors and the prostitutes go into the kingdom of God before you 
[149. M]. 

Mt 21:43 Therefore I tell you, that the kingdom of God shall be 
taken from you and be given to a nation bringing forth its fruits [150. 
M or M?; addition to Mk 12:11]. 

Mt 22:1-14 And Jesus spoke to them again in parables saying, 2 
The kingdom of heaven is like a king who gave a marriage feast for 
his son. 3 And he sent his servants to call those who had been invited 
to the feast: and they would not come. 4 Again he sent other servants 
saying, Tell those that have been invited I have prepared the breakfast; 
my oxen and fatlings are killed and everything is ready: come to the 
marriage feast. 5 And they, giving no heed to the invitation, went 
away, one to his field, another to his place of merchandise. 6 And the 
rest, taking the servants of the king, insulted them and killed them. 
7 And the king was angry and sent his armies and destroyed those 
murderers and burned up their city. 8 Then he said to his servants, 
The wedding feast is ready and those that were invited proved to be 
unworthy. 9 Go therefore to the crossings of the roads and whomever 
you find invite to the feast. 10 Those servants, going out into the 
-roads, brought together all whom they found, bad and good, and the 
banquet hall was filled with guests. 11 And the king, coming in to 
see his guests, saw there a man who was not dressed in a wedding robe, 
12 and he said to him, Friend, How did you come here without a wed- 
ding robe? And he was silent. 13 Then the king said to the attend- 
ants, Bind him hand and foot and thrust him out into the outer 
darkness. There shall be the weeping and the gnashing of the teeth. 
14 For many are called but few chosen [151. M]. 

Mt 24:14 And the good news of the kingdom shall be preached 
in the whole world for a testimony for all the nations, and then shall 
the end come [161. M! or M?; addition to Mk 13:13]. 

Mt 25:1-13 Then shall the kingdom of heaven be like ten virgins 
who took their lamps and went out to meet the bridegroom. 2 And 
five of them were foolish and five were prudent. 3 And the foolish 
ones took their lamps but no oil beside. 4 But the prudent ones took 
oil in their vessels along with their lamps. 5 And while the bridegroom 
delayed his coming they all grew drowsy and slept. 6 And in the middle 
of the night there was a cry, The bridegroom! Come out to meet him. 
7 Then all those virgins arose and trimmed their lamps. 8 And the 
foolish ones said to the prudent ones, Give us some of your oil, because 
our lamps have gone out. 9 And the prudent ones answered, We 
can’t do that, lest there should not be enough for us both. Go rather 
to the dealers and buy for yourselves. 10 And while they were on 


198 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


their way to buy, the bridegroom came, and those that were ready 
went in with him to the marriage feast and the door was shut. 11 
And afterward the other virgins came saying, O Sir, O Sir, open to us. 
' 12 And he answered, Of a truth I tell you, I do not know you. 13 
Be on the watch, therefore, because you do not know the day or the 
hour [166]. 

Mt 25:34 Then will the king say to those on his right hand, Come, 
you who are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom which was 
prepared for you from the foundation of the world [168. M; see context 
Mt 25:31-46 under 5, B, p. 98]. . 


C. Tum Views of JEwIsH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Sibylline Oracles (Book IIT), Second Century B.C. 


3:46-50 But when Rome shall rule over Egypt as well, 47 as she 
still hesitates to do, then the mightiest kingdom 48 of the immortal 
king over men shall appear. 49 And a holy prince shall come to wield 
the sceptre over all the world 50 to all ages of hurrying time [1]. 

3:75-82 Then the world shall be under the dominion of a woman’s 
hands 76 obeying her every behest. 77 Then when a widow shall reign 
over the whole world . . . . 80 the elements of the world one and all 
81 shall be widowed, what time God, whose dwelling is in the sky, 82 
shall roll up the heaven as a book is rolled [2]. 

3:334-86 In the west a star shall shine, which they shall call a 
comet, 335 a messenger to men of the sword, famine, and death, 336 
and the destruction of ruling men and great notables [3]. 

3:672-74 From heaven shall fall 673 fiery swords down to the earth: 
lights shall come bright 674 and great, flashing into the midst of men [4]. 

3:702-7, 712, 718 Then again all the sons of the Great God 703 
shall live quietly around the temple, rejoicing in those gifts 704 which 
he shall give, who is the Creator, and sovereign righteous Judge. 705 
For he by himself shall shield them, standing beside them alone in 
his might, 706 encircling them, as it were, with a wall of flaming fire. 


707 Free from war shall they be in city and country. .... 712 All 
things work in sympathy with them and help them, 713 the heaven and 
God’s chariot the sun, and the moon... . [5]. 


3:744-49 For Earth, the universal mother, shall give to mortals 
her best, 745 fruit in countless store of corn, wine, and oil. 746 Yes, 
from heaven shall come a sweet draught of luscious honey. 747 The 
trees shall yield their proper fruits, and rich flocks, 748 and kine, and 
lambs of sheep and kids of goats. 749 He will cause sweet fountaing 
of white milk to burst forth [6]. 


Tor Kinapom or Gop 199 


3:757-59 A common law for men throughout all the earth 758 
shall the Eternal perfect in the starry heaven 759 for all those things 
which have been wrought by miserable mortals [7]. 

3:788, 789 And wolves and lambs together shall crop grass upon 
the mountains, 789 and leopards shall feed with kids [8]. 


IT Enoch, 1-50 A.D. 


33:1,2 Iappointed the eighth day also, that the eighth day should 
be the first created after my work, 2 and that the first seven revolve in 
the form of the seventh thousand, and that at the beginning of the 
eighth thousand there should be a time of not-counting, endless, with 
neither years nor months nor weeks nor days nor hours [9]. 

49:2 There has been previously prepared a place for every soul 
of man [10]. 

61:2, 3 I know all things, how in the great time (i.e., to come) 
are many mansions prepared for men, good for the good, and bad for 
the bad, without number many. 3 Blessed are those who enter the 
good houses, for in the bad (i.e., houses) there is no peace nor return [11]. 

65:8-10 There will be one aeon, and all the righteous who shall escape 
the Lord’s great judgment, shall be collected in the great aeon, for the 
_ righteous the great aeon will begin and they will live eternally, 9 and 
then, too, there will be amongst them neither labor nor sickness, nor 
humiliation, nor anxiety, nor need, nor violence, nor night, nor darkness, 
but great light. 10 And they shall have a great indestructible wall, 
and a paradise bright and incorruptible, for all corruptible things shall 
pass away, and there will be eternal life [12]. 

66:7, 8 Blessed are the just who shall escape the great judgment, 
for they shall shine forth more than the sun sevenfold, 8 for in this world 
the seventh part is taken off from all, light, darkness, food, enjoyment, 
sorrow, paradise, torture, fire, frost, and other things [13]. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 


Curses 9 (8:495) When they come, cities will be rebuilt which 
but a short time ago were in complete ruins, and the desert will be filled 
with inhabitants and the barren land will change and become fertile, 
and the good fortune of their fathers and ancestors will be looked upon 
as a matter of but small importance, on account of the abundance of 
wealth of all kinds which they will have at the present moment, flowing 
forth from the graces of God as from ever-running fountains, which 
will thus confer vast wealth separately on each individual, and also on 
all the citizens in common, to an amount beyond the reach even of 
envy [14]. 


200 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


Books of Adam and Eve, ca. 200 A.D. 


Ad. Life 29:7, 8 Thereafter God will dwell with men on earth [in 
visible form]; and then righteousness will begin to shine. And the house 
of God will be honored in the age and their enemies will no more be able 
to hurt the men, who are believing in God; and God will stir up for 
himself a faithful people, whom he shall save for eternity, and the 
impious shall be punished by God their king, the men who refused to 
love his law. 8 Heaven and earth, nights and days, and all creatures 
shall obey him, and not overstep his commandment [15]. 


Sibylline Oracles (Book IV), 80 A.D. 


4:173, 174 Then fire shall come upon the whole world, and a 
mighty sign 174 with sword and trumpet at the rising of the sun (16). 


Sibylline Oracles (Book V), before 130 A.D. 


5§:212 In the battle of the stars a new creation shall come forth [17]. 

5:225, 226 For all men blood and horrors are in store 226 because 
of the great city and the righteous people [18]. 

5:264-73 No longer shall the Greeks’ unclean foot run riot in 
your land 265 for they shall have within their breasts a mind that con- 
forms to your laws. 266 But your (i.e., Judaea’s) noble sons shall 
encircle you with honor. .... 269 All those righteous men who from 
short-lived affliction have endured troubles, 270 shall have a more 
ample and well favored rope of life. 271 But the evil men who trim to 
the breeze a lawless tongue 272 shall cease to speak one against another, 
273 and they shall hide themselves until the world pass away [19]. 

§:281, 282 The holy land of the godly alone shall bear all these 
things. 282 An ambrosial stream distilling honey and milk shall flow 
from the rock and fountain for all the righteous [20]. 

5:384, 385 But the wise people that are left shall have peace, 
385 having had trial of evil that later they might rejoice [21]. 


III Baruch, 100-150 A.D. 
11:2 We can not enter until Michael comes, who holds the keys 
of the Kingdom of Heaven [22]. 


II. PALESTINIAN 
I Enoch (Part I), before 170 B.C. 
5:6 And all the . . . . shall rejoice 


And there shall be forgiveness of sins 
And every mercy and peace and forbearance: 


Tuer Kinepom or Gop 201 


5:6-9 And there shall be salvation unto them, a goodly light. 

And for all you sinners there shall be no salvation. .... 

7 For the elect there shall be light and joy and peace 
And they shall inherit the earth. 

8 And then there shall be bestowed upon the elect wisdom, 
And they shall all live and never again sin, 
Either through ungodliness or through pride: 
But they who are wise shall be humble. 

9 And they shall not again transgress, 
Nor shall they sin all the days of their life, 
Nor shall they die of (the divine) anger or wrath 
But they shall complete the number of the days of their life [23]. 


10:17—11:2 And then shall all the righteous escape and shall 


live till they beget thousands of children. .... 18 And then shall 
the whole earth be tilled in righteousness. .... 19 For all the seed 
which is sown thereon each measure shall bear a thousand and each 
measure of olives shall yield ten presses of oil... .. 21 'And all the 


children of men shall become righteous,! and all nations shall offer 
adoration and shall praise me, and all shall worship me. 22 And the 
earth shall be cleansed from all defilement, and from all sin, and from 
all punishment and from all torment. .... 11:1 And in those days 
I will open the store chambers of blessing which are in heaven, so as 
to send them down upon the earth over the work and labor of the chil- 
dren of men. 2 And truth and peace shall be associated together 
throughout all the days of the world and throughout all the genera- 
tions of men [24]. 

25:3-5 This high mountain 'which you have seen,! whose summit 
is like the throne of God, is his throne, where the Holy Great One, the 
Lord of Glory, the Eternal King, will sit, when he shall come down to 
visit the earth with goodness. 4 And as for this fragrant tree, no mortal 
is permitted to touch it till the great judgment, when he shall take 
vengeance on all and bring (everything) to its consummation forever. 
5 It shall then be given to the righteous and holy. Its fruit shall be 
for food to the elect: it shall be transplanted to the holy place, to the 
temple of the Lord, the Eternal King [25]. 


Jubilees, 135-105 B.C. 


1:29 The heavens and the earth shall be renewed and all their 
creation according to the powers of heaven, and according to all the 
creation of the earth, until the sanctuary of the Lord shall be made in 
Jerusalem on Mount Zion, and all the luminaries be renewed for healing 


202 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


and for peace and for blessing for all the elect of Israel, and thus it 
may be from that day and to all the days of the earth [26]. 

15:31, 32. There are many nations and many peoples, and all are 
his, and over all has he placed spirits in authority to lead them astray 
from him. 382 But over Israel he did not appoint any angel or spirit, 
for he alone is their ruler, and he will preserve them [27]. 


23:26-81 And in those days the children shall begin to study the laws, 
And to seek the commandments, 
And to return to the path of righteousness. 
27 And the days shall begin to grow many. .... 
Till their days draw nigh to one thousand years. .... 
28 And there shall be no old man 
Nor one who is (not) satisfied with his days; 
For all shall be (as) children and youths 
29 And all their days shall they complete and live in peace and 
in joy | 
And there shall be no Satan nor any evil destroyer; 
For all their days shall be days of blessing and healing. 
30 And at that time the Lord will heal his servants, 
And they shall rise up and see great peace, 
And drive out their adversaries. 
31 They shall know that it is the Lord who executes judgment 
And shows mercy to hundreds and thousands and to all 
that love him [28]. 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Levi 18:1, 2 After their punishment shall have come from the Lord, 
the priesthood shall fail. 
2 Then shall the Lord raise up a new priest [29]. 


Levi 18:9-14 And in his priesthood the Gentiles shall be multiplied in 
knowledge upon the earth 
And enlightened through the grace of the Lord. 
10 And he shall open the gates of paradise 
And shall remove the threatening sword against Adam. 
11 And he shall give to the saints to eat from the tree of life, 
And the spirit of holiness shall be on them. .... 
13 And the Lord shall rejoice in his children 
And be well pleased in his beloved ones for ever. 
14 Then shall Abraham and Isaac and Jacob exult. 
And I will be glad, 
And all the saints shall clothe themselves with joy [80]. 


THe KiInepom or Gop 203 


Jud. 25:4, 5 And they who have died in grief shall arise in joy, 

And they who were poor for the Lord’s sake shall be made 
rich, 

And they who are put to death for the Lord’s sake shall 
awake to life, 

5 And the harts of Jacob shall run in joyfulness, 
And the eagles of Israel shall fly in gladness, 
And all the people shall glorify the Lord for ever [31]. 


Zeb. 9:8 And after these things shall there arise to you the Lord 
himself, the light of righteousness. ... . 
And he shall bring back all the Gentiles inte zeal for him [82]. 


Dan 5:11-18 He shall . . . . turn disobedient hearts to the Lord, 

And give to those who call upon him eternal peace. 

12 And the saints shall rest in Eden, 
And in the new Jerusalem shall the righteous rejoice, 
And it shall be unto the glory of God forever. 

13 And no longer shall Jerusalem endure desolation, 
Nor Israel be led captive; 
For the Lord shall be in the midst of it [33]. 


Naph. 8:2,3 Do you also, !therefore,!. charge your children that they 
be united to Levi and to Judah; 
For through them shall salvation arise unto Israel, 
And in them shall Jacob be blessed. 
3 For through their tribes shall God appear [dwelling among 
men] on earth, 
To save the race of Israel 
And to gather together the righteous from amongst the 
Gentiles [34]. 


Jos. 19:12 His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom which shall not 
pass away [35]. 


Benj. 9:2 And the twelve tribes shall be gathered together there, 
and all the Gentiles, until the Most High shall send forth his salvation 
in the visitation of an only-begotten prophet [36]. 

Benj. 10:5-10 Keep the commandments of God’ until the Lord 
shall reveal his salvation to all Gentiles. 6 You shall see Enoch, 
Noah, and Shem, and Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, rising on the 
right hand in gladness. 7 Then shall we also rise each one over our 
tribe, worshipping the King of Heaven..... 8 Then also all men 
shall rise, some unto glory and some unto shame. And the Lord shall 


204. Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


judge Israel first, for their unrighteousness. ... . 9 And then shall 
he judge all the Gentiles. .... 10 And he shall convict Israel through 
the chosen ones of the Gentiles [37]. 


I Enoch (Part II, Similitudes) 94-64 B.C. (Part V) 104-96 B.C. 


38:1 When the congregation of the righteous shall appear, 
And sinners shall be judged for their sins, 
And shall be driven from the face of the earth [88]. 


39:6 The righteous and the elect shall be without number before him 
for ever and ever [39]. 


45:3-6 On that day my Elect One shall sit on the throne of glory 
And shall try their works 
And their places of rest shall be innumerable. .... 
4 And I will transform the heaven and make it an eternal blessing 
and light: 
5 And I will transform the earth and make it a blessing 
And I will cause mine elect ones to dwell upon it: 
But the sinners and evil doers shall not set foot thereon. 
6 For I have provided and satisfied with peace my righteous 
ones [40]. 


47:3, 4 In those days I saw the Head of Days when he seated himself 
upon the throne of his glory, 
And the books of the living were opened before him: 
And all his host which is in heaven above and his counsellors 
stood before him, 
4 And the hearts of the holy were filled with joy [41]. 


50:1 And in those days a change shall take place for the holy and elect, 
And the light of days shall abide upon them 
And glory and honor shall turn to the holy [42]. 


51:2-4 He shall choose the righteous and holy from among them: 
For the day has drawn nigh that they should be saved. 
3 And the Elect One shall in those days sit on my throne, 
And his mouth shall pour forth all the secrets of wisdom and 
counsel: 
For the Lord of Spirits has given (them) to him and has glorified 
him. 
4 In those days shall the mountains leap like rams, 
And the hills shall skip like lambs satisfied with milk. 
And the faces of the angels in heaven shall be lighted up with joy. 


Tuer Kinepom oF Gop 205 


51:5 And the earth shall rejoice 
And the righteous shall dwell upon it 
And the elect shall walk thereon [43]. 


53:6, 7 After this (i.e., the destruction of kings) the Righteous and 
Elect One shall cause the house of his congregation to appear. 
7 The hills shall be as a fountain of water, 
And the righteous shall have rest from the oppression of sinners 
[44]. 


58:6 And there shall be a light that never ends. 
And to a limit of days they shall not come, 
For the darkness shall first have been destroyed .... 
And the light of uprightness established for ever [45]. 


62:5 Pain shall seize them 
When they see that Son of Man 
Sitting on the throne of his glory [46]. 


62:14-16 With the Son of Man shall they eat 
And lie down and rise up for ever and ever. .... 
15 They shall have been clothed with garments of glory 
16 And these shall be the garments of life from the Lord of 
Spirits: 
And your garments shall not grow old, 
Nor your glory pass away before the Lord of Spirits [47]. 


69:29 From henceforth there shall be nothing corruptible, 
For that Son of Man has appeared, 
And has seated himself on the throne of his glory, 
And all evil shall pass away before his face, 
And the word of that Son of Man shall go forth 
And be strong before the Lord of Spirits [48]. 


71:16,17 And all shall walk in his ways since righteousness never 

forsakes him: 

With him shall be their dwelling places, and with him their 
heritage, 

And they shall not be separated from him for ever and ever 
and ever. 

17 And so there shall be length of days with that Son of Man 
And the righteous shall have peace and an upright way 
In the name of the Lord of Spirits for ever and ever [49]. 


206 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


91:12-14 Sinners shall be delivered into the hands of the righteous. 
13 And at its close they shall acquire houses through their 
righteousness, 
And a house shall be built for the Great King in glory for 
evermore, 
14 And all mankind shall look to the path of uprightness [50]. 


91:16, 17 And the first heaven shall depart and pass away, 
And a new heaven shall appear 
And all the powers of the heavens shall give sevenfold light. 
17 And after that there will be many weeks without number 
for ever, 
And all shall be in goodness and righteousness, 
And sin shall no more be mentioned for ever [51]. 


104:4 Be hopeful, and cast not away your hope, 
For you shall have great joy as the angels of heaven [52]. 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


11:1, 2 Blow in Zion on the trumpet to summon the saints .... 
2 For God has had pity on Israel in visiting them [53]. 


17:23-51 Behold, O Lord, and raise up unto them their king, the 
Son of David, . . . . that he may reign over Israel thy servant. .... 
26 He shall thrust out sinners from (the) inheritance; 

He shall destroy the pride of the sinner as a potter’s vessel. 
With a rod of iron shall he break in pieces all their substance, 
27 He shall destroy the godless nations with the word of his mouth; 
At his rebuke nations shall flee before him; 
And he shall reprove sinners for the thoughts of their heart! 
28 And he shall gather together a holy people, whom he shall lead in 
righteousness, 
And he shall judge the tribes of the people that has been sanctified 
by the Lord his God. .... 
30 For he shall know them, that they are all'sons of their God. .... 
32 And he shall have the heathen nations to serve him under his yoke; 
And he shall glorify the Lord in a place to be seen by all the earth; 
33 He shall purge Jerusalem, making it holy as of old; 
34 So that nations shall come from the ends of the earth to see his glory 
Bringing as gifts her sons who had fainted, 
35 And to see the glory of the Lord, wherewith God has glorified her. 
36 And there shall be no unrighteousness in his days in their midst, 
For all shall be holy and their king the anointed of the Lord..... 


Tue Kinecpom or Gop 207 


38 The Lord himself is his king, the hope of him that is mighty through 
(his) hope in God. .... 

40 He will bless the people of the Lord with wisdom and gladness. 

41 And he himself will be pure from sin, so that he may rule a great 


50 Blessed are they who shall live in those days, 
In that they shall see the good fortune of Israel which God shall 
bring to pass in the gathering together of the tribes. 
51 May the Lord hasten his mercy upon Israel! 
May he deliver us from the uncleanness of unholy enemies [54]! 


Assumption of Moses, 7-29 A.D. 


1:18 His name should be called upon until the day of repentance 
in the visitation wherewith the Lord will visit them in the consumma- 
tion of the end of days [55]. 


10:1-9 And then his kingdom shall appear throughout all creation, 
And then Satan shall be no more, 
And sorrow shall depart with him. 
2 Then the hands of the angel shall be filled 
Who has been appointed chief, 
And he shall forthwith avenge them of their enemies. 
3 For the Heavenly One will arise from his royal throne, 
And he will go forth from his holy habitation 
With indignation and wrath on account of his Sons..... 
4 And the earth shall tremble .... 
And the high mountains shall be made low, 
And the hills shall be shaken and fall. 
5 And the horns of the sun shall be broken .... 
And the moon shall not give her light .... 
And the circle of the stars shall be disturbed. 
6 And the sea shall retire into the abyss 
And the fountains of waters shall fail 
And the rivers shall dry up. 
7 For the Most High will arise, the Eternal God alone 
And he will appear to punish the Gentiles. 
And he will destroy all their idols. 
8 Then you, O Israel, shall be happy 
And you shall mount upon the neck and wings of the 
eagle, .... 
9 And God will exalt you, 
And he will cause you to approach to the heaven of the stars, 
In the place of their habitation. 


208 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


10:10 And you shall look from on high and shall see your enemies in 
Gehenna, 
And you shall recognize them and rejoice, 
And you shall give thanks and confess your Creator [56]. 


IT Baruch, 50-100 A.D. 


29:3 And it shall come to pass when all is accomplished that was 
to come to pass in those parts, that the Messiah shall then begin to 
be revealed [57]. 

30:2 Then all who have fallen asleep in hope of him shall arise 
again. And it shall come to pass at that time that the treasuries will 
be opened in which is preserved the number of the souls of the righteous, 
and they shall come forth [58]. 

39:7 And it will come to pass when the time of its consummation 
that it should fall has approached, then the principate of my Messiah 
will be revealed, which is like the fountain and the vine, and when it 
is revealed it will root out the multitude of its host [59]. 

40:3 His (the Messiah’s) principate will stand for ever, until the 
world of corruption is at an end, and until the times aforesaid are 
fulfilled [60]. 


51:10 For in the heights of that world shall they dwell, 
And they shall be made like the angels, 
And be made equal to the stars, 
And they shall be changed into every form they desire, a 
From beauty into loveliness, and from light into the splendor 
Of glory ite OL 


54:15 For though Adam first sinned 
And brought untimely death upon all, 
Yet of those who were born from him 
Each one of them has prepared for his own soul torment to come, 
And again each one of them has chosen for himself glories to 
come [62]. ) 


59:2 For at that time the lamp of the eternal law shone on all 
those who sat in darkness, which announced to them that believe the 
promise of their reward, and to them that deny, the torment of fire which 
is reserved for them [63]. 

72:2 After the signs have come of which you were told before, 
when the nations become turbulent, and the time of my Messiah has 
come, he shall both summon all the nations, and some of them he shall 
spare, and some of them he shall slay [64]. 


Tue Kinapom or Gop 209 


73:1-2 And it shall come to pass, when he has brought low everything 

that is in the world, 

And has sat down in peace for the age on the throne of his 
kingdom, 

That joy shall then be revealed, and rest shall appear. 

2 And then healing shall descend in dew, 

And disease shall withdraw, 

And anxiety, and anguish, and lamentation pass from among men, 

And gladness proceed through the whole earth . .. . [65]. 


74:2, 4 For that time is the consummation of that which is corruptible, 
And the beginning of that which is not corruptible. .... 
4 This is the bright lightning which came after the last dark 
waters [66]. 


85:10 For the youth of the world is past, 
And the strength of creation already exhausted, 
And the advent of the times is very short, 
Yea, they have passed by; 
And the pitcher is near to the cistern, 
And the ship to the port, 
And the course of the journey to the city, 
And life to (its) consummation [67]. 


= IV Esdras, 100-135 A.D. 


4:33, 34 Then I answered and said: How long and when shall 
these things be coming to pass? For our years are few and evil. 

34 And he answered me, and said: Your haste may not exceed that 
of the Most High; for you are hastening for your own self, but the 
Exalted One on behalf of many [68]. 

4:41-43 The underworld and the chambers of souls are like the 
womb: 42 for just as she who is in travail makes haste to escape the 
anguish of the travail, 43 even so do these places hasten to deliver what 
has been entrusted to them from the beginning [69]. 


5:1-6 Behold the days come when the inhabitants of the earth shall 
be seized with great panic. 
And the way of truth shall be hidden..... 
4 Then shall the sun suddenly shine forth by night and the moon 
by day: 
5 And blood shall trickle forth from wood, and the stone utter 
Ita VOICe*. 45s 
6 And one whom the dwellers upon earth do not look for shall 
wield sovereignty .... 


210 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


5:7-8 And one whom the many do not know will make his voice heard 
by night; and all shall hear his voice 
8 And the earth over wide regions shall open and fire burst forth 
for a long period. 
The wild beasts shall desert their haunts, and women bear 
monsters [70]. 


6:23-28 The trumpet shall sound aloud, at which all men, when 
they hear it, shall be struck with sudden fear. 24 And at that time 
.... the earth will be stricken with fear, . ... and the springs of 
the fountains shall stand still so that for three hours they shall not run. 
25 And it shall be whosoever shall have survived all these things that I 
have foretold to you, he shall be saved, and shall see my salvation and the 
end of my world..... 26 Then shall the heart of the inhabitants (of 
the world) be changed, and be converted to a different spirit. 27 For 
evil shall be blotted out, and deceit extinguished. 28 Faithfulness shall 
flourish, and corruption be vanquished, and truth, which for so long a 
time has been without fruit, shall be made manifest [71]. 

7:18 The ways of the future world are broad and safe, and yield 
the fruit of immortality [72]. 

7:27-81 Whoever is delivered from the predicted evils, the same 
shall see my wonders. 28 For my Son the Messiah shall be revealed, 
together with those who are with him, and shall rejoice the survivors 
four hundred years. 29 And it shall be, after these years, that my Son 
the Messiah shall die, and all in whom there is human breath. 30 Then 
shall the world be turned into the primeval silence seven days, like as 
at the first beginnings; so that no man is left. 31 And it shall be after 
seven days that the Age which is not yet awake shall be roused, and that 
which is corruptible shall perish [73]. 


7:34-36 Judgment alone shall remain, 

Truth shall stand, 
And faithfulness triumph. 

35 And recompense shall follow, 
And the reward be made manifest; 
Deeds of righteousness shall awake, 
And deeds of iniquity shall not sleep. 

36 And then shall the pit of torment appear, 
And over against it the place of refreshment; 
The furnace of Gehenna shall be made manifest, 
And over against it the Paradise of delight |74]. 


7:47 Now I see that the coming Age shall bring delight to few, 
but torment to many [75]. 


Tue Kinepom or Gop 211 


7:113 The Day of Judgment shall be the end of this age and the 
beginning of the eternal age that is to come [76]. 


8:52 For you is opened Paradise, planted the Tree of Life, 
The future Age prepared, plenteousness made ready. 
A City builded, a Rest appointed; 
Good works established, wisdom preconstituted [77]. 


8:59-61 The Most High did not will that men should come to 
destruction; 60 but they—his creatures—have themselves defiled the 
Name of him that made them, and have proved themselves ungrateful 
to him who prepared life for them. 61 Therefore my judgment is 
now near at hand [78]. 

9:16 There are more who perish than shall be saved, even as the 
flood is greater than a drop [79]! 

12:34 But my people who survive he shall deliver with mercy, 
even those who have been saved throughout my borders [80]. 

13:41 They took this counsel among themselves, that they would 
leave the multitude of the heathen, and go forth into a land farther 
distant, where the human race had never dwelt; there at least to keep 
their statutes which they had not kept in their own land [81]. 


13. THE KINGDOM OF GOD: THE ORIGIN OF THE IDEA; 
THE FUNDAMENTAL MEANING OF THE TERM 


A. THE JOHANNINE TEACHING 


B. Tur Synoptic TEACHING 


(See above, passages Mk 10:14 [136]; Lk 12:31 [113]; [1351] Mk 


13> 15:) 
C. Tur Views or JEwIsH WRITERS 


(See above, passages 1, 12, 15, 19, 27, 32, 37; cf. Dan 2:44.) 
D. THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 
Wendt, I, 56-89. 


14, THE KINGDOM OF GOD AS AN ORDER OF THINGS, 
A STATE OF SOCIETY; ITS FUNDAMENTAL 
CHARACTER 
A. THE JOHANNINE TEACHING 

Jn 18:36, 37 Jesus answered, My kingdom is not from this world; 
if my kingdom were from this world, my servants would fight, in order 
that I might not be delivered to the Jews. But now my kingdom is 


1 These numbers refer to the passages in the general list of synoptic passages above, 
designating them by the section numbers which stand in brackets after the respective 
passages. They stand here in the order in which the passages appear above. Passages 
marked with * are especially important. 


212 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


not from this place. 387 Pilate therefore said to him, Then you are a 
king? Jesus replied, You say that I am a king. I for this was born, 
and for this came into the world, that I might bear witness to the truth; 
Every man who is of the truth hears my voice. Pilate said to him, 


What is truth ? 
B. Tuer Synopric TEACHING 


(See above, passages 57, 58, 87, 94 Ief. Mt 18:9], 1386; 47, 105; 
23, 36*, 43*, 56, 61, 64, 98*, 151, 166, 168*.4) 


C. THe Views or JEWISH WRITERS 
(See above, passages 5, 8, 12, 14, 19, 24, 26, 28, 30, 33, 40, 45, 48, 
51, 54, 65, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81.7) 
D. THr TEACHING or JESUS 
E. Movern Lrrnrarore 
Bruce, chap. i; Clarke, chap. iv. 


15. THE BLESSINGS OF THE KINGDOM; THE 
RESULTS OF REJECTING IT 


A. Tur JOHANNINE TEACHING 
B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 
(See above, passages 94, 35, 121, 101, 113, 151.1) 


C. THe VIEWS oF JEWISH WRITERS 
(See below, passages 5, 6, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, 24, 28, 30, 
31, 42, 43, 44, 47, 49, 52, 54, 56, 61, 63, 65, 72, 75, 77.7) 


D. Tue TEACHING or JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 
Wendt, I, 210-56. 


16. CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATION IN THE KINGDOM; 
HINDRANCES TO SUCH PARTICIPATION 


A. THE JOHANNINE TEACHING 
Jn 3:3,5 Jesus answered, Truly, truly. I say to you, If one be not 
born anew, he is not able to see the kingdom of God. .... 5 Jesus 
replied, Truly, truly, 1 say to you, If one be not born from water and 
spirit, he is not able to enter into the kingdom of Gud. 


1 These numbers refer to the passages in the general list of synoptic passages above. 
designating them by the section numbers which stand in brackets after the respective 
passages. They stand here in the order ip which the passages appear above. Passages 
marked with * are especially important. 


2 These numbers refer to the passages in the general list of passages from Jewish 
material given above; the numbers stand in brackets after the respective passages. 


Tuer Kinepom or Gop 213 


B. Tur Synoptic TEACHING 


(See above, passages 20, 186, 187; 35, 100, 118, 123, 143; 36, 43, 
54, 56, 61, 62, 63, 98, 149, 150, 151, 166, 168; cf. context. 1) 


C. Tue VIEWS oF JEWISH WRITERS 
(See above, passages 11, 12, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 
34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 49, 50, 58, 54, 56, 58, 62, 63, 64, 71, 73, 
75, 78, 79, 80, 81.2) 
D. Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Moprern LItERATURE 
Wendt, I, 265-87; IT, 48-121. 


17. THE TIME-RELATIONS OF THE KINGDOM: WHEN 
AND HOW DOES IT COME? 


A. Tur JOHANNINE TEACHING 


B. THe Synoptic TEACHING 


1. As an already existing era: passages 47, 106, 129, 133.1 

2. As coming progressively: passages 57, 58; 120.1 

3. As near at hand: passages 20, 87, 173, 179; 25, 164, 61.1 

4. As future, but without indication of its nearness: passages 94, 
136, 187; 35, 121; 123; 143, 168.1 

5. As ushered in at the coming of the Son of Man: passages 121, 
123 (cf. also 133, Lk 17:20-30); 56, 61, 64, 161, 166.1 


’ C. Tur Virws or JEWISH WRITERS 
(See above, passages 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 22, 25, 26, 29, 32, 
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 44, 46, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64, 66, 
67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76.) 


D. Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Moprern Literature 
Stevens, chap. v. 


1 These numbers refer to the passages in the general list of synoptic passages above, 
designating them by the section numbers which stand in brackets after the respective 
passages. They stand here in the order in which the passages appear above. Passages 
marked with * are especially important. 


2 These numbers refer to the passages in the general list of passages from Jewish 
material given above; the numbers stand in brackets after the respective passages. 


CHAPTER IV 


JESUS 
18. HIS ORIGIN AND BIRTH 


A. Tue JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:1-18. (See under 12, A, p. 179.) 

_Jn 1:45, 46 Philip found Nathanael and said to him, We have 
found him of whom Moses wrote in the law, and the prophets. His 
name is Jesus, the son of Joseph, and he is from Nazareth. 46 And 
Nathanael said to him, Can any good thing come out of Nazareth? 

Jn 8:13 And no one has ascended into heaven except he that 
came down out of heaven, the Son of man. 

Jn 3:16 For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, 
that everyone that believes in him may not perish, but have eternal life. 

Jn 3:31, 32 He that comes from above is above all. He that is 
of the earth is of the earth and from the earth he speaks. He that comes 
from heaven is above all. 32 He testifies to what he has seen and heard, 
and no one receives his testimony. 

Jn 5:33 You have sent to John, and he has testified to the truth, 
but I do not receive testimony from a man. 

Jn 6:50-52 This is the bread that came down out of heaven that a 
man may eat of it and not die. 51 I am the living bread that came 
down out of heaven. If anyone shall eat of this bread he will live 
forever, and the bread which I will give is my flesh for the life of the 
world. . 

52 The Jews therefore debated with one another, How can this 
man give us his flesh to eat? 

Jn 7:40-42 Some of the multitude hearing these words said, This 
man is really the prophet. 41 Others said, He is the Christ. But some 
said, The Christ doesn’t come out of Galilee, does he? 42 Has not 
the Scripture said that the Christ should come of the seed of David, 
and from Bethlehem, the village where David was? 

Jn 8:42 If God were your Father, you would love me, for I came 
forth from God and have come to you. Nor have I come of my own act, 
but he sent me. 

Jn 8:52-58 The Jews said, Now we know thas you have a demon. 
Abraham is dead and the prophets are dead, and yet you say, If a man 
shall keep my word he will never taste of death. 53 Are you greater 


214 


JESUS 215 


than our father, Abraham, who is dead, and the prophets, who are 
dead? Whom do you make yourself to be? 54 Jesus answered, If 
I praise myself, my praise is nothing. It is the Father that praises 
me, of whom you say that he is your God, 55 and do not know him; 
but I know him, and if I say that I do not know him, I shall be a liar 
like you. But I know him and observe his word. 56 Abraham rejoiced 
to see my day, and saw it and was glad. 57 The Jews said to him, 
You are not yet fifty years old, and have you seen Abraham? 58 Jesus 
said to them, In very truth I tell you, before Abraham was born I am. 

Jn 17:5, 7, 8, 18, 20-24 And now, O Father, glorify thou me 
with the glory which I had with thee before the world was. .... 7 
Now they know that all things which thou gavest to me are from thee. 
8 Because the words which thou gavest to me I have given to them, and 
they received them and know assuredly that I came forth from thee, 
and they have believed that thou didst send me. .... 18 As thou didst 
send me into the world, even so have I sent them into the world. ... . 
20 Not for these only do I pray, but also for those who through their 
word shall believe in me, 21 that they may all be one as thou, Father, 
art in me and I in thee, that they also may be in us, that the world 
may believe that thou didst send me. 22 And the glory which thou 
hast given to me I have given to them; that they may be one as we are 
one. 23 I in them, and thou in me, that they may be made perfectly 
one, that the world may know that thou didst send me and didst love 
them as thou didst love me. 24 Father, I desire that those whom thou 
hast given to me may be with me where I am, that they may see my 
glory which thou hast given me, because thou didst love me before the 
foundation of the world. 


B. Tuer Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk6:3 Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary and the brother 
of James and Joseph and Judas and Simon, and are not his sisters here 
with us! (69. Mt 13:55; Lk 4:22 (21)]? 


Lk 1:26-38 And in the sixth month the angel, Gabriel, was sent 
from God to a city of Galilee named Nazareth 27 to a virgin who was 
betrothed to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David. 
And the name of the virgin was Mary. 28 And coming to her, he said, 
Hail, favored one, the Lord is with you. 29 And she was troubled 
at the utterance, and considered what sort of salutation this was. 
30 The angel said to her, Cease to fear, Mary, for you have found favor 


1 Mt 13:55 reads: ‘‘the son of the carpenter’; Lk 4:22: ‘Is not this the son of 
Joseph ?”’ 


216 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


with God, 31 and you will conceive and bear a son. And you shall call 
his name, Jesus. 32 For he shall be great, and shall be called Son of the 
Highest, and the Lord God will give to him the throne of David, his 
father. 33 And he will be king over Israel forever, and of his kingdom 
there will be noend. 34 And Mary said to the angel, How shall this be, 
because I know no man. 35 And the angel said to her, Holy Spirit will 
come upon you and the power of the Most High will enfold you, there- 
fore also the child that is born will be holy, Son of God. 386 And Eliza- 
beth, your kinswoman, she also has conceived a son in her old age, 
and this is the sixth month for her who has been called barren. 37 
Because no word from the Lord shall be without effect. 38 And Mary 
said, Behold, the servant of the Lord. Let it be to me according to your 
word, and the angel departed from her [4. LI. See also Lk 1:39—56 (6)]. 

Lk 2:1-7 Now in those days Caesar Augustus issued a decree 
that all the world should be registered. 2 This was the first registry 
made when Quirinius was governor of Syria. 3 And all went to be 
registered, everyone to his own city. 4 And Joseph also went up from 
Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, 
which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and family of 
David; 5 to be registered with Mary, his betrothed, who was with child. 
6 And while they were there the days of her pregnancy were completed. 
7 And she brought forth her first born son [8. LI. See also Lk 2:8-88 
(9, 10, 11)). 

Lk 2:39 And when they had done all things that were required 
by the law of the Lord, they returned to Galilee, to their own city, 
Nazareth [11. LI]. 

Lk 3:23, 24 And Jesus when he began to teach was about thirty 
years old, being the son, as was supposed, of Joseph, son of Heli, 24 son 
of Matthat .... etc. [18]. 

In the study of passages on this subject it will be desirable to dis- 
tinguish (a) the view of the fourth evangelist as stated by himself; (6) 
the view which the Fourth Gospel ascribes to Jesus; (c) the view or 
views revealed in the infancy narratives of Matthew and Luke, Matthew, 
chapters 1, 2, and Luke, chapters 1, 2; (d) the view of Mark and of 
Matthew and Luke outside the infancy narratives, chapters 1, 2, of 
Matthew and Luke; (e) the view which the synoptists ascribe to Jesus. 


Mt 1:16, 17 And Jacob begot Joseph, the husband of Mary from 
whom was born Jesus who is called Christ. 17 So all the generations 
from Abraham to David were fourteen generations, and from David 
to the Babylonian captivity fourteen generations, and from the Baby- 
lonian captivity to the Christ fourteen generation [2. M?]. 


JESUS 217 


Mt 1:18-25 Now the birth of Jesus Christ occurred in this way: 
When his mother, Mary, was betrothed to Joseph, before they began 
to live together she was found to be with child by the Holy Spirit. 19 
And Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man and not willing to 
expose her to disgrace, was inclined to divorce her secretly. 20 But 
when he had thought over the matter, an angel of the Lord appeared to 
him in a dream and said, Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take 
Mary your wife, for the child which is begotten in her is from the Holy 
Spirit. 21 And she will bring forth a son and you will call his name 
Jesus. For it is he who shall save his people from their sins. 22 Now 
all this occurred, that that which was spoken through the Lord by the 
prophets might be fulfilled. 23 ‘The virgin will be with child and will 
bring forth a son and they will call him Immanuel” (which is interpreted, 
God with us). 24 And Joseph, rising up from his sleep, did as the angel 
of the Lord commanded him and took to himself his wife. 25 And he 
had. no relations with her until she had borne a son, and he called his 
name Jesus [5. M?]. 


C. Tue Views or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II. PALESTINIAN 
D. THE TEACHING OF JESUS 
E. Moprrn LITERATURE 
Gilbert, pp. 115-22; Holtzmann, pp. 81-91; Krauss, art. ‘‘Jesus 
of Nazareth,’ JH; Knowling, art. “Birth of Christ,’ H. DCG; Orr, 


pp. 227-29; Lobstein, pp. 110-12; Clemen, pp. 287-314; Plummer, 
pp. 3 ff.; Box, Virgin Birth of Jesus. 


19. THE SON OF MAN 
DEFINITION: FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED SENSES OF THE TERM 


No examples of the phrase in a titular sense have been observed in 
classical writers. 

The Hebrew Old Testament and the LXX version both have various 
expressions which may be translated ‘‘son of man,” or in the plural, 
“sons of men” or “the sons of men.’’! But neither the Hebrew nor 
the Greek Old Testament has a phrase which properly means ‘‘the Son 
of man,” referring toa particular person. The singular is always indefi- 
nite or qualitative, the plural indefinite or generic. 

Both the Hebrew and the Greek phrases are poetic or emphatic 
expressions for ‘‘man.’”’ This is the sense of the phrase even in Ps 8:4 
and Dan 7:13. Whatever messianic significance the passages them- 


1See Dalman, pp. 234-67, and articles ‘Son of Man” in H. DB and Encyc. Bib. 


218 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


selves may have the phrase itself has none. In Ezekiel it is used 
frequently in the vocative as the term by which the prophet is addressed, 
the intention probably being to emphasize his human inferiority as con- 
trasted with the divine majesty. See, e.g., Ezek 2:1. In Sir 17:30 it 
is used in the same sense: ‘‘Because there is no son of man that is 
immortal.”’ 

In the Similitudes of the Ethiopic Book of Enoch, which are com- 
monly assigned to the first half of the first century B.c., the phrase “‘the 
Son of Man” is used as a designation of the Messiah. (See passages 
under C below.) In no other Jewish work of the pre-Christian or New 
Testament period is the term so used. 

In the New Testament the phrase occurs with the article eighty-one 
or eighty-two times, only one of these instances being outside the gospels, 
Acts 7:56. In all the instances except this the term is, prima facie 
at least, a self-designation of Jesus; in Jn 12:34 the phrase is repre- 
sented as a quotation of Jesus’ language. Without the article it occurs 
in Jn 5:27; Heb 2:6; Rev 1:13; 14:14. In all of these instances, with 
the possible exception of Jn 5:27, the phrase bears its Old Testament 
sense, ‘‘a man.’”’ The phrase does not appear in Paul or the general 
epistles either with the article or without it—a fact which strongly 
suggests that the term was not a common Christian designation of the 
Messiah. 

Its occurrence in Enoch, however, despite the absence of any 
parallels in other Jewish literature, some doubt as to the precise date 
or original form of the passages containing the title, and the occurrence 
of the phrase in the Noachic portions of the book (70:1) in the usual 
Old Testament sense, ‘‘a man” (see Schmidt in Encyc. Bib., IV, 4711), 
raises the question whether in the New Testament the phrase retains 
as its fundamental meaning its Old Testament sense or has become a 
synonym of Messiah. 


A. THe JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jni1:51 Invery truth I tell you, You will see the heaven opened, 
and the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of man. 

Jn 3:18-15 And no man has ascended into heaven but he that 
descended out of heaven, the Son of man, 'who is in heaven.) 14 And 
as Moses lifted up the serpent ‘in the wilderness, so must the Son of man 
be lifted up, 15 that whosoever believes may in him have eternal life. 

Jn 5:27 And he gave him authority to execute judgment, because 
he is a son of man. 

Jo 6:27 Work not for the food that perishes, but for the food that 
remains and gives eternal life, which the Son of man will give you; for 
on him has the Father, God, set the seal of his approval. 


JESUS 219 


Jn 6:53 In very truth I tell you, Unless you eat the flesh of the 
Son of man and drink his blood, you have no life in yourselves. 

Jn 6:62 What will you say if you see the Son of man ascending 
where he was formerly ? 

Jn 8:28 When you have lifted up the Son of man, then you will 
know that I am, and that I do nothing of myself, but that as the Father 
taught me I speak these things [cf. vs. 24, under 5, A, p. 92]. 

Jn 9:35-37 Jesus heard that they had expelled him, and he found 
him and said to him, Do you believe in the Son of man?! 36 He 
answered, And who is he, Lord, that I may believe in him? 37 Jesus 
said to him, You have both seen him, and he is now speaking with you. 

Jn 12:23 And Jesus answered them, The hour has come for the 
Son of man to be glorified. 

Jn 12:32, 34 And I, if I am lifted up from the earth, will draw 
all men to myself..... 34 The multitude said to him, We have 
heard out of the law that the Christ remains forever. What do you 
mean when you say that the Son of man must be lifted up?2 Who is 
this Son of man? 

Jn 13:31 When therefore he had gone out, Jesus said, Now was the 
Son of man glorified, and God was glorified in him. 


B. Tur Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 2:10 But that you may know that the Son of man has 
authority on earth to forgive sins... . [28. Mt 9:6; Lk 5:24]. 

Mk 2:27, 28 The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the 
Sabbath. 28 So that the Son of man is lord also of the Sabbath [81. 
Mt 12:8; Lk 6:5, but with no parallel to vs. 27]. 

Mk 8:31 And he began to teach them that the Son of man must 
suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, and the chief priests 
and the scribes, and be killed and after three days rise again [87. Mt 16: 


21; Lk 9:22]. 
Mk 8:38 For whoever shall be ashamed of me and of my words 
.. . . the Son of man will be ashamed of him when he comes in the 


glory of his Father with the holy angels [87. Lk 9:26; Mt 16:27]. 

Mk 9:9 He charged them that they should tell no man what they 
had seen until the Son cf man should rise from the dead [88. Mt 17:9; 
Lk 9:36 omits]. 


1A.V., E.R.V.text, A.R.V.text, following some ancient manuscripts, read: ‘‘Son 
of God.” But the weight of ancient authority is in favor of ‘‘Son of man,” and this is 
adopted by Tdf., WH., A.R.V.mg., E.R.V.mg. 

2 Compare Jn 3:14 above. 

3 Mt 16:27 reads: ‘For the Son of man will come in the glory of his Father with 
his angels, and then he will render to every man according to his deeds.”’ 


220 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mk 9:12 And he said to them, It is true that Elijah comes first, and 
restores all things, and he pointed how the scripture requires that the Son 
of man should suffer many things and be set at naught [88. Mt 17:12]. 

Mk 9:31 For he taught his disciples and said to them, The Son 
of man will be delivered up to men, and they will kill him, and three 
days after he is killed he will rise again [90. Mt 17:22, 23; Lk 9:44]. 

Mk 10:33 Weare going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of man will 
be delivered up to the chief priests and the scribes, and they will con- 
demn him to death [139. Mt 20:18; Lk 18:313]. 

Mk 10:45 For the Son of man came not to be served, but to serve, 
and to give his life a ransom for many [140. Mt 20:28; Luke omits]. 

Mk 13:26 And then they will see the Son of man coming in clouds 
with great power and glory [163. Mt 24:30; Lk 21:27]. 

Mk 14:21 Because the Son of man goes as it is written concerning 
him, but woe to the man through whom the Son of man is betrayed 
(173. Mt 26:24; Lk 22:22]. 

Mk 14:41 Thehourhascome. The Son of man is being betrayed 
into the hands of sinners [174. Mt 26:45; Luke omits]. 

Mk 14:61, 62. The high priest asked him, Are you the Christ, the 
Son of the Blessed? 62 And Jesus said, I am, and you will see the Son 
of man sitting at the right hand of the Power and coming with the 
clouds of heaven [176. Mt 26:64;4 Lk 22:695]. 


Lk 6:22 Blessed are you when men shall hate you and when they 
shall ostracize you, and shall reproach you and shall reject your name 
as evil because of the Son of man [85. G; Mt 5:116 M]. 

Lk 7:34 The Son of man has come eating bread and drinking 
wine [47. G; Mt 11:19]. 

Lk 9:58 The Son of man has no place to lay his head [100. P; 
Mt 8:20]. 

Lk 11:30 For as Jonah was a sign to the Ninevites so will the Son 
of man be a sign to this generation [107. P; Mt 12:40 (50)]. 


1Mt17:12 reads: ‘‘So also is the Son of man to suffer at their hands.” Luke omits, 
2Lk 9:44 omits: ‘‘and three days after he is killed he will rise again.” 


8 Lk 18:31 reads: ‘‘and all the things that are written by the prophets for the Son 
of man will be accomplished.” 


4Mt 26:64 reads: ‘‘From now on you will see,” etc. 


5 Lk 22:69 reads: ‘‘From now on the Son of man will be seated at the right 
hand of the Power of God.”’ 

6 Mt 5:11 reads: ‘‘for my sake.” 7 Mt 11:19 omits ‘‘bread”’ and “‘ wine.’’ 

8 Mt 12:40 reads: ‘‘ For as Jonah was in the belly of the whale three days and three 


nights so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth 
[50. M2]. 


JESUS 221 


Lk 12:8 Whoever shall confess me before men, him also will the 
Son of man confess before the angels of God [111. P; Mt 10:32! (73)]. 

Lk 12:10 And whoever shall speak a word against the Son of man 
will be forgiven, but he who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit will not 
be forgiven [111. P; Mt 12:32? (50)]. 

Lk 12:40 Do you also be ready, because in an hour when you do 
not expect it, the Son of man will come [114. P; Mt 24:44 (164)]. 

Lk 17:22-30 And he said to his disciples, Days will come when 
you will desire to see one of the days of the Son of man’ and you will 
not see it. 23 And they will say to you, See, here he is, or, See, there 
he is. Do not go after them or follow them. 24 For as the lightning 
flashing from one part of the heaven shines to the other part, so will the 
Son of manbe.4 25 But first he must suffer many things and be rejected 
by this generation. 26 And as happened in the days of Noah, so will it 
be in the days of the Son of man. 27 They were eating and drinking, 
marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noah entered the 
ark and the flood came and destroyed them all. 28 So also as happened 
in the days of Lot; they were eating and drinking, buying and selling, 
planting and building. 29 But on the day that Lot went out of Sodom 
it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all. 
30 In like manner will it be in the day in which the Son of man is 
revealed® [133. P; Mt 24:23, 26, 27, 37-39 (162, 164)]. 


Lk 18:8 But when the Son of man comes, will he find the faith 
on the earth [133. P]? 

Lk 19:10 For the Son of man came to seek and to save that which 
was lost [142. P]. 

Lk 21:36 But be watchful at all times, praying that you may be 
enabled to escape all these things that are to happen, and to stand before 
the Son of man [165. J]. 

Lk 22:48 And Jesus said to him, Judas, with a kiss do you betray 
the Son of man [175. J or L?]? 

Lk 24:6, 7 Remember how he spoke to you while he was still in 
Galilee, 7 saying that the Son of man must be delivered into the hands 
of sinners and be crucified and on the third day rise again [181. J or L?]. 


1Mt 10:32 reads: “him also will I confess.” 

2Mt 12:32 [50. Cf.3,p. 76] adds: “either in this age or in that which is to come.” 

8 This instance of the phrase has no parallel in Matthew. The passage as a whole 
is Matthew-Luke. 

4 Mt 24:27 reads: ‘‘For as the lightning [or light] comes out of the east, and is 
seen even to the west, so will the coming of the Son of man be”’ [162]. 

5 Mt 24:37 reads: ‘‘For as the days of Noah, so will the coming of the Son of 
man be” [164]. 

6 Mt 24:39 reads: “So will be the coming of the Son of man” [164], but like vs. 37 
refers to Noah. 


222 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mt 10:23 And when they persecute you in this city flee to another. 
For of a truth I tell you, you will not have completed the cities of 
Israel before the Son of man comes [72. M or M?]. 

Mt 13:37 He that sows the good seed is the Son of man [61. M 
or M?]. 

Mt 13:41 The Son of man will send out his angels, and they will 
gather out of his kingdom all stumbling blocks and all workers of 
iniquity, and will throw them into the furnace of fire [61. M or M?]. 

Mt 16:18 And he asked his disciples, Who do men say that the 
Son of man is [86. M?, modification of Mk 8:271]? 

Mt16:28 OfatruthI tell you, that some of those who are standing 
here will not taste of death till they see the Son of man coming in his 
Kingdom [87. M?, modification of Mk 9:17]. 

Mt 19:28 Ofa truth I tell you that you who have followed me, in 
the regeneration, when the Son of man shall sit on the throne of his 
glory, shall also sit on twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of 
Israel [187. M(?); ef. Lk 22:30 (178)]. 

Mt 24:30 Then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven, 
and all the tribes of the earth shall mourn [163. M or M2, addition to 
Mk 13:25; cf Mt 24:3 and parallel Mark (161)]. 

Mt 25:31 And when the Son of man shall come in his glory and all 
the angels with him, then will he sit on the throne of his glory [168. M 
or M?]. 

Mt 26:2 You know that after two days comes the Passover, and 
the Son of man will be delivered up to be crucified [170. M?, addition to 
Mk 14:1]. | 

C. THe Views oF JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II. PALESTINIAN 
I Enoch (Part II, Similitudes), 94-64 B.C. 

46:2,3 And I asked the angel who went with me and showed me all 
the hidden things, concerning that Son of Man, who he was, and whence 
he was, (and) why he went with the Head of Days? 

3 And he answered me: 

This is the Son of Man who has righteousness, 

With whom dwells righteousness, 

And who reveals all the treasures of that which is hidden, 

Because the Lord of Spirits has chosen him, 

And whose lot has the pre-eminence before the Lord of Spirits 
in uprightness for ever. 

1Mk 8:27; Lk 9:18 read: “‘that Iam?” 


2Mk 9:1 reads: “till they see the kingdom of God come (having come) with 
power”; Lk 9:27: ‘‘till they see the Kingdom of God.” 


JESUS 223 


48:2 At that hour that Son of Man was named 
In the presence of the Lord of Spirits, 
And his name before the Head of Days. 


60:10 And he (the angel) said to me (Enoch) ‘‘Son of man, herein you 
seek to know what is hidden.”’ 


62:5 And pain shall seize them 
When they see that Son of Man 
Sitting on the throne of his glory. 


62:7 From the beginning the Son of Man was hidden, 
And the Most High preserved him in the presence of his might, 
And revealed him to the elect. 


62:9 And all the kings and the mighty ah SMS 
Shall fall down before him on their faces 
And worship and set their hope upon that Son of Man. 


62:14 And the Lord of Spirits will abide over them 
And with that Son of Man shall they eat 
And lie down and rise up for ever and ever. 


69:26, 27 They blessed and glorified and extolled, 
Because the name of that Son of Man had been revealed 
unto them. 
27 And he sat on the throne of his glory, 
And the sum of judgment was given unto the Son of Man. 


70:1 And it came to pass after this that his name during his life- 
time was raised aloft to that Son of Man and to the Lord of Spirits 
from amongst those who dwell on the earth. 


71:14 This is the Son of Man who is born unto righteousness, 
And righteousness abides over him, 
And the righteousness of the Head of Days forsakes him not. 


IV Esdras, 100-135 A.D. 


13 (Sixth Vision: The Man from the Sea.) Summary: In the 
midst of a storm a Man (the Messiah) appears from the sea. A multi- 
tude of men from the four quarters of the world (the heathen nations) 
make war on him. He carves out a mysterious rock (heavenly Jerusa- 
lem) from which he annihilates his enemies by the fiery tempest from 
his mouth (the Law). After the destruction of his enemies he gathers 
to himself the peaceable ones who did not attack him (Israel). 


224. Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


13:25 Whereas you saw a Man coming up from the heart of the 
Sea: this is he whom the Most High is keeping many ages. 

13:51, 52 And I said: O Lord my Lord, show me this: wherefore 
I have seen the Man coming up from the heart of the sea. 52 And he 
said to me: Just as one can neither seek out nor know what is in the 
deep of the sea, even so can no one upon earth see my Son but in the 
time of his day. é 

D. Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LItveERATURE 


Hirsch, art, “Son of Man,” JEH*; Driver, art. “Son of Man,” 
H. DB, Vol. IV, especially sec. 21; Dalman, pp. 234-56; Mathews, 
Messianic Hope, pp. 102-7; Schmidt, art. ‘Son of Man,” Encyc., Bib.; 
Weiss, J., pp. 159-75; Wendt, II, 139-51; Bruce, chap. vii; Bousset, 
Jesus, chap. x; Scott, Kingdom and Messiah, pp. 188-208; Bacon, 
“Jesus as Son of Man,” HTR (1910), pp. 325-40; Stevens, T'eaching, 
chap. vii. 


20. THE SON OF GOD 


A. THE JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with 
God and the Word was God. 

Jn 1:18 God no man has ever seen; an only Son, himself God, who 
is in the bosom of the Father, he has been his interpreter.! 

Jn 1:34 And I have seen and have testified that this is the Son 
of God. (See also under 3, A, p. 74.) 

Jn 1:49 Nathanael answered him, Rabbi, you are the Son of God; 
you are the king of Israel. 

Jn 3:16-18 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only 
Son, that every one that believes in him might not perish, but have 
eternal life. 17 For God sent the Son intu the world, not to judge the 
world; but that the world might be saved through him. 18 He that 
believes in him is not judged; he that does not believe has been judged 
already, because he has not believed in the name of the only Son of 
God. 

Jn 3:35, 36 The Father loves the Son, and has given all things into 
his hand. 36 He that believes in the Son has eternal life; but he that 
disobeys the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God rests upon him. 

Jn 5:19-26. (See under 6, A, p. 110.) 

Jn 6:40 For this is the will of my Father, that every one that sees 
the Son and believes in him shall have eternal life: and I will raise him 
up at the last day. 


1 Many ancient manuscripts read: ‘“‘the only Son,” omitting ‘‘ himself God.’ 


JESUS 225 


Jn 8:35, 36 The slave does not remain in the house forever; the 
son remains forever. 36 If therefore the Son shall make you free, 
you will be really free. 

Jn 9:35. (See under 19, A, p. 219.) 

Jn 10:35, 36 If he called them gods to whom the word of God 
came, and the scripture can not be broken, 36 do you say of him whom 
the Father consecrated and sent into the world, You are a blasphemer, 
because I said, I am a Son of God? 

Jn 11:4 When Jesus heard it he said, This sickness is not to death; 
but for the glory of God, that the son of God may be glorified through it. 

Jn 11:25-27 I am the resurrection and the life: he that believes 
in me, even if he dies, will live. 26 Every one who lives and believes 
in me shall never die. Do you believe this? 27 She said to him, 
Yes, Lord, I have believed that you are the Christ, the Son of God, who 
was to come into the world. 

Jn 14:13 And whatever you shall ask in my name, I will do it, 
that the Father may be glorified in the Son. 

Jn 17:1-3 When Jesus had spoken these things, he lifted his eyes 
to heaven and said, Father, the hour has come; glorify thy Son, that the 
Son may glorify thee; 2 as thou didst give him authority over all 
flesh, that to all which thou gavest to him, he might give eternal life. 
3 And this is eternal life, to know thee, the only true God, and him 
whom thou didst send, Jesus Christ. 

Jn 19:7 The Jews answered him, We have a law, and according to 
that law he ought to die, because he made himself Son of God. 

Jn 20:31 But these are written, that you may continue to believe 
that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing, you may 
continue to have life in his name. 


B. Tur Synoptic TEACHING 


i171, Mk1:1 The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ (Son of God)! 
Mk1:11 Anda voice came out of the heavens, You are my beloved 
Son, in you I have taken delight [18. Mt 3:172; Lk 3:22]. 


Mk 38:11 And the unclean spirits Lk 4:41 And demons went out of 
whenever they saw him fell down many crying and saying, You are 
and cried, saying, You are the’ the Son of God? [24]. 

Son of God [83]. 


1‘‘Son of God” is omitted by some important ancient authorities and by Tdf., 
R.V.mg. It is included by important ancient authorities, WH.mg., R.V.text. 

2 Mt 3:17 reads: ‘‘This is my beloved Son, in whom I have taken delight.” 

’Compare Mk 1:28, 24: ‘‘And there was in their synagogue a man under the 
control of an unclean spirit and he cried out 24 saying, What have you to do with us, 


Jesus of Nazareth? have you come to destroy us? I know who you are, the Holy 
One of God” [24. Lk 4:33, 34]. 


226 Tue TEACHING oF JESUS 


Mk 5:7 And he cried with a loud voice saying, What have you to 
do with me, Jesus, Son of the Most High God [67. Mt 8:29 omits: 
“the Most High.” Lk 8:28]? 

Mk 9:7 And there came a voice out of the cloud, This is my 
beloved Son [88. Mt 17:5; Lk 9:35]. 

Mk 14:61, 62 And again the high priest asked him, Are you the 
Christ, the Son of the Blessed One? 62 And Jesus said to him, I am, 
and you will see the Son of man sitting at the right hand of the Power 
and coming with the clouds of heaven [176. Mt 26:63, 64; Lk 22:69]. 

Mk 15:39 And when the centurion who stood over against him 
saw that he died in this way, he said, Surely this man was a Son of God 
[178. Mt 27:541; Lk 23:47? (J)]. 


Lk 1:32 For he shall be great, and shall be called Son of the High- 
est, and the Lord God will give to him the throne of David, his father 
[4. LI]. 

Lk 1:35 And the angel said to her, Holy Spirit will come upon 
you and the power of the Most High will enfold you, therefore also the 
child that is born will be holy, Son of God [4. LI]. 

Lk 3:38 Son of Enos, son of Seth, son of Adam, son of God [18. 
LI(?)]. 

Lk 4:3 And the devil said to him, If you are a Son of God, tell 
this stone to become bread [19. G; Mt 4:3]. 

Lk 4:9 And he brought him into Jerusalem and set him upon the 
high point of the temple and said to him, If you are a Son of God, 
throw yourself down from here [19. G; Mt 4:5, 6]. 

Lk 10:22 All things were delivered to me by my Father; and no 
one knows who the Son is except the Father, and who the Father is 
except the Son, and he to whomever the Son wills to reveal him [102. P; 
Mt 11:27 (47)]. 


Mt 14:33 And those that were in the boat worshipped him, saying, 
Surely you are the Son of God [79. M?, addition to Mk 6:51]. 

Mt 16:16 And Simon Peter answered, You are the Christ, the 
Son of the living God? [86]. 


1Mt 27:54 reads: ‘‘And the centurion and those that were with him watching 
Jesus, seeing the earthquake and the things that happened, feared greatly and said, 
Surely this man was the Son of God.” 


2 Lk 23:47 reads: ‘‘And the centurion, seeing what happened, praised God, saying, 
Really this was a righteous man.” 


8’ Addition to Mk 8:29 which reads: ‘‘You are the Christ.” Lk 9:18 reads: 
“the Christ of God.” 


JESUS 227 


Mt 27:40 And they said, You that destroy the temple and build 
it again in three days, save yourself; if you are the Son of God, come 
down from the cross! [178]. 

Mt 27:43 He trusted in God; let him now deliver him if he desires 
him, for he said, I am a son of God [178. M! or M2, addition to Mk 15:32]. 


C. Tue Views or JEwisH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 


Philo, 18-45 a.v. 


Till. 12 (1:388, 389) God, like a shepherd and a king, governs 
.... the earth, and the water, and the air, and the fire, and all the 
plants, and living creatures that are in them whether mortal or divine; 

. appointing as their immediate superintendent, his own right rea- 
son (logos), his first-born son, who is to receive the charge of this sacred 
company, as the lieutenant of the great king. 

Sob. 11 (1:512) The man who has this inheritance has advanced 
beyond the bounds of human happiness; for he alone is nobly born, 
inasmuch as he has God attributed to him as his father and being his 
adopted only son, he is not rich, but all-wealthy, dwelling luxuriously 
in abundance and among genuing good things. 

Conj. 14 (2:14) The Father of the universe has caused him (i.e., 
the Logos) to spring up as the eldest son, whom, in another passage he 
calls the first born; and he who is thus born, imitating the ways of his 
father, has formed such and such species, looking to his archetypal 
patterns. 

Conj. 28 (2:31) Even if there be not anyone who is worthy to be 
called a son of God, nevertheless let him labor earnestly to be adorned 
according to his first-born word. .... Even if we are not yet suitable 
to be called the sons of God, still we may deserve to be called the 
children of his eternal image, of his most sacred word; for the image of 
God is his most ancient word. 

Fug. 20 (2:216) He (1.e., the Logos) has received imperishable 
and wholly pure parents, God being his father, who is also the father of 
all things, and wisdom being his mother. 


II, PALESTINIAN 


I Enoch (Chaps. 106, 107), before 161 B.C. 
106:5 I have begotten a strange son, diverse from and unlike 
man, and resembling the sons of the God of heaven; and his nature is 
different and he is not like us. 


1 Addition to Mk 15:30 which reads: ‘‘Save yourself and come down from the 
cross.”’ Lk 23:37 reads: ‘‘If you are the king of the Jews, save yourself.” 


228 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Levi 18:6-8 The heavens shall be opened, 
And from the temple of glory shall come upon him sancti- 
fication, 
With the Father’s voice as from Abraham to Isaac. 
7 And the glory of the Most High shall be uttered over him, 
And the spirit of understanding and sanctification shall 
rest upon him, 
8 For he shall give the majesty of the Lord to his sons in 
truth for evermore. 


Jud. 24:2, 3 And the heavens shall be opened unto him 
To pour out the spirit, (even) the blessing of the Holy 
Father; 
3 And he shall pour out the Spirit of grace upon you; 
And you shall be to him sons in truth. 


I Enoch (Part II, Similitudes), 94-64 B.C. 


69:5 He imparted to the holy sons of God evil counsel, and led 
them astray. 


71:1 My spirit was translated, 
And it ascended into the heavens: 
And I saw the holy sons of God. 


I Enoch (Chap. 108), of Uncertain Date 


105:2 For I and my Son will be united with them for ever in the 
paths of uprightness in their lives; and you shall have peace. 


IV Esdras, 100-135 A.D. 


7:28, 29 My Son the Messiah shall be revealed, together with those 
who are with him, and shall rejoice the survivors four hundred years. 
29 And it shall be, after these years, that my Son the Messiah shall 
die, and all in whom there is human breath. 

13:32 Then shall my Son be revealed whom you saw as a Man 
ascending. 

13:37 My Son shall reprove the nations that are come for their 
ungodliness. 

13:52 Just as one can neither seek out nor know what is in the 
deep of the sea, even so can no one upon earth see my Son but in the 
time of his day. 

14:9 You shall be taken up from (among) men, and henceforth 
you shall remain with my Son, and with such as are like you, until the 
times be ended. 


JESUS 229 


D. Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 


Bousset, Religion, pp. 261 ff.; Dalman, pp. 268-88; Burton and 
Mathews, p. 29; Bruce, chap. vii; Bacon, ‘‘Jesus the Son of God,” 
HTR (1909), pp. 277-309; Kennedy, ‘‘Apostolic Preaching and Em- 
peror Worship,” Exp. (1909), pp. 289-307; Stevens, Teaching, chap. vii; 
Burton, Galatians, pp. 404-17. 


21. THE SON OF DAVID 


A. THe JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 7:42 Has not the scripture said that the Christ is a descendant 
of David, and comes from Bethlehem, the village where David was? 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 10:47, 48 And when Bartimaeus heard that it was Jesus, the 
Nazarene, [that was passing by], he began to cry out and to say, Son 
of David, Jesus, have mercy on me. 48 And many charged him to keep 
quiet. But all the more he cried out saying, Son of David, have mercy 
on me [141. Mt 20:30, 31; Lk 18:38, 39; also Mt 9:27]. 

Mk 12:35-37 And as he was teaching in the temple Jesus said, 
How is it that the scribes say that the Christ is a son of David. 
36 David himself said in the Holy Spirit, The Lord said to my Lord, 
Sit at my right hand until I put your enemies under your feet. 
37 David himself calls him Lord. How then can he be his son [155. 
Mt 22:41-45; Lk 20:41-44]? 


Mt 1:1 The genealogical record of Jesus Christ, son of David, 
son of Abraham [2. MI]. 

Mt1:20 Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take to yourself 
Mary your wife, for the child which is begotten in her is of the Holy 
Spirit [5. MI]. ; 

Mt 12:23 And all the multitude was astonished and said, This is 
not the son of David, is it [50. M?, addition to P, Lk 11:14 (106)]? 

Mt 15:22 And a Canaanitish woman... . cried saying, Have 
mercy upon me, O Lord, son of David [81. M?, addition to Mk 7:25]. 

Mt 21:9 And the multitude that preceded him and those that 
followed cried, saying, Hosanna to the son of David. Blessed is he 
that comes in the name of the Lord [144. M?, addition to Mk 11:9]. 

Mt 21:15 And the chief priests and the scribes, seeing the wonder- 
ful things which he did, and hearing the children crying in the temple 
and saying, Hosanna to the son of David, were angry [146. M?! or M?, 
addition to Mk 11:18]. 


230 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


C. Tue Virws or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II. PALESTINIAN 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


17:23 Behold, O Lord, and raise up unto them their king, the son of 
David, 
At the time in which thou seest, O God, that he may reign 
over Israel thy servant. 


IV Esdras, about 100 A.D. 


12:32 This is the Messiah whom the Most High has kept unto the 
end (of the days, who shall spring from the seed of David). 


D. Tuer TEACHING oF JESUS 


E. Moprrn LITERATURE 
Stevens, chap. i. 
22. THE CHRIST 


Tue DEFINITION AND DERIVATION OF THE TERM 


The English word “Christ” is a transliteration of the Greek 
Christos, one who has been anointed with oil, that is formally and 
officially consecrated to some important task. The Greek, in turn, is 
a translation of a Hebrew term having the same meaning. In the 
English Old Testament this Hebrew term is commonly translated 
“the anointed.’”’ It is used of the high priest, of the king, and even 
of Cyrus, the king of Persia. Later it came to be the most generally 
used title of the expected king and deliverer, the Messiah. I Enoch 
48:10; 52:4 are regarded as the earliest instances of “Christ” as a 
distinctly messianic title, while Ps. Sol. 17: 36 shows its use in the 
first century prior to Jesus. 


New TESTAMENT UsaGn 


1. By the term ‘‘Christ”’ the Messiah is referred to, but no specific 
person is identified as being the Messiah’ (Mt 2:4; Mk 12:85; Lk 
24:26; Jn 7:26; Acts 2:31). 

2. It is used in statements and questions, affirming or inquiring as 
to someone, usually Jesus, being the Messiah (Mt 16:16; Mk 8:29; 
Lk 9:20; Jn 7:41; Acts 18:5). 

3. It refers to Jesus specifically as being the Messiah (Mt 23:10; 
Acts 8:5; Rom 7:4; I Cor 1:6; Gal 6:2; Eph 1:10; Phil 1:15). 

4. It becomes a title of Jesus, seeming, however, not to emphasize 
his messiahship, though it may lie in the background of the writer’s 
thought (Rom 5:6; I Cor 1:12; II Cor 1:21; Gal 2:4; Heb 3:6). 


JESUS 231 


5. It occurs in combination with other titles of Jesus, forming a 
compound appellative. 

Paul’s usage of ‘‘Christ,’”’ “‘the Christ,” “the Lord, Jesus Christ,” 
and ‘‘Our Lord, Jesus Christ,’’ as titles for Jesus that needed no explana- 
tion, shows that they early became designations of Jesus among the 
Christians. Paul’s own tendency is to use the longer compound titles. 

The gospels, though later than Paul, reflect an earlier usage. 
According to Mark, Jesus gathered his disciples without requiring them 
to recognize his messiahship. Even when they affirm it (Mk 8:29, 30) 
he forbids them to make it public. It has only indirect mention after 
that (9:41) till at his trial Jesus openly declares it (14:61, 62). 

In the Fourth Gospel the question whether Jesus was the Messiah 
is made a pivotal one, yet there is almost no use of “‘Christ”’ or “‘ Jesus 
Christ” (17:3 only) as proper names. He is throughout referred to 
simply as Jesus. 

The Book of Acts has examples of all the terms used by Paul 
and even represents them as being in vogue at the beginning of the apos- 
tolic age. 

The course of development appears then to have been as follows: 
“The Christ”? was in pre-Christian times a term used by the Jews to 
designate the expected, but as yet unidentified, Messiah. During Jesus’ 
lifetime the question was raised whether he was the Messiah, his dis- 
ciples affirming that he was. Their belief in his resurrection strength- 
ened this faith. Under Paul’s influence the messianic titles increased 
in fulness and variety. The gospels, written later, after these titles 
were in full vogue, to some extent ascribe the usages then current to the 
period of Jesus’ own ministry; but in the main reflect the earlier usage. 

As concerns the meaning of the title ‘‘the Christ” to the early 
Christians, the New Testament writers assume that it will be under- 
stood by their readers, and give no explanation of it. For its content 
to them we must therefore look to the connections in which it is used 
and the ideas associated with it. These indicate its meaning to have 
been “‘divinely appointed Saviour, or Deliverer.”’ 

Ideas seem to have varied as to the sense in which the Messiah would 
be asaviour or deliverer. In Lk 3:15 it seems not unlikely that political 
deliverance was thought of. Elsewhere deliverance from sin and its 
condemnation is in mind (so I Thess 1:10; Gal 3:13; Rom 5:9). 
Future glory is sometimes emphasized, as in Rom 5:2, 10. Again 
God’s approval and the attaining of character in the present life are 
involved (so in Rom 1:16, 17; 3:21-24; 5:1-11; chap. 8; Gal 5:19-24; 
Phil 3:8-14). In the Fourth Gospel all the political and even the apoca- 
lyptic color has faded out, and the deliverance wrought by the Christ is a 
deliverance from “death” and to “‘life,”’ in the peculiar Johannine sense. 


232 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


In Paul and in the Fourth Gospel, Jesus is conceived of as having 
had a conscious and active existence before, in Pauline phrase, he 
was born of a woman, in Johannine, the Word became flesh. IV 
Esdras and II Baruch, Palestinian books of 80 a.p., apparently reflect the 
idea of a pre-existent Messiah. But Paul is the earliest writer, Jewish 
or Christian, clearly to express this thought, and it is not certain whether 
Jewish thought influenced Christian, or Christian thought affected 
Jewish, or the idea arose independently in the two literatures. There 
seems no trace of it in the Synoptic Gospels. In any case, pre-existence 
is not an element of the meaning of the word, but a thing affirmed by 
some of him whom they accepted as the Christ. (For fuller discussion 
see Burton, Galatians, pp. 398-401.) 


A. THe JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:17 The law was given through Moses. Grace and truth 
came through Jesus Christ. 

Jn 1:19, 20, 25 And this is the testimony that John gave when 
the Jews sent priests and Levites to ask him, Who are you? 20 And 
he confessed, and denied not, but confessed, I am not the Christ. ... . 
25 They asked him, Why then do you baptize, if you are not the Christ, 
nor Elijah, nor the prophet ? 

Jn 1:41 Andrew first found his own brother, Simon, and said to 
him, We have found the Messiah (which means Christ). 

Jn 3:28 You yourselves will testify for me that I said, I am not 
the Christ, but have been sent before him. 

Jn 4:25, 28, 29 The woman said to him, I know that Messiah 
comes, who is called Christ. When he comes he will tell us all things. 
. . . . 28 The woman left her water pot and went away to the city and 
said to the men, 29 Come, see a man who told me everything that I 
ever did. He is not the Christ, is he? 

Jn 7:25-27 Some therefore of the people of Jerusalem said, Is 
not this the man they are seeking to kill? 26 And see, he is speaking 
boldly, and they say nothing to him. Can it be that the rulers really 
know that this is the Christ? 27 However, we know where this man 
comes from, but when the Christ comes, no one will know where he 
comes from. 

Jn 7:31 Many from the multitude believed in him, and said, 
When the Christ comes, will he do more signs than this man has done? 

Jn 7:40, 41 Some from the multitude hearing these words, said, 
This is surely the prophet. 41 Others said, This isthe Christ. But still 
others said, The Christ does not come out of Galilee, does he? Has 
not the scripture said that the Christ is a descendant of David, and comes 
from Bethlehem, the village where David was? 


JESUS 233 


Jn 9:22 For the Jews had agreed that if anyone should confess 
him to be the Christ, he should be put out of the synagogue. 

Jn 10:24, 25 So the Jews gathered around him and said, How 
long are you going to keep us in suspense? If you are the Christ, 
tell us plainly. 25 Jesus answered them, I told you and you did not 
believe me: the works that I do in my Father’s name, these testify 
concerning me; but you do not believe because you are not of my 
people. 

Jn 11:25-27. (See under 6, A, p. 112, and 28, A, p. 242.) 

Jn 12:34. (See under 19, A, p. 219.) 

Jn 17:1-3. (See under 6, A, p. 113.) 

Jn 20:31. (See under 4, A, p. 83.) 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 1:1 The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ (Son of God) 
[17. Cf. under 15, p. 212]. 

Mk 1:34 And he expelled many demons and would not permit 
the demons to speak, because they knew him (to be Christ!) [24. Lk 
4:41]. 

Mk 8:29 And he asked them, Who do you say that I am? 
And Peter answered him, You are the Christ [86. Mt 16:15; 
Lk 9: 183]. 

Mk 12:35-37 And as he was teaching in the temple Jesus said, 
How is it that the scribes say that the Christ is a son of David? 36 
David himself said in the Holy Spirit, The Lord said to my Lord, Sit 
at my right hand until I put your enemies under your feet. 37 David 
himself calls him Lord. How then can he be his son [155. Mt 22:41-— 
45; Lk 20:41-44]? 

Mk 13:21, 22 And then if anyone shall say to you, See, here is 
the Christ, or, There, do not believe him. 22 For there will arise false 
Christs and false prophets and they will show signs and wonders so as to 
deceive if possible the elect [162. Mt 24:23, 24]. 

Mk 14:61, 62 And again the high priest asked him, Are you 
the Christ, the Son of the Blessed One? 62 And Jesus said to him, 
Iam, and you will see the Son of man sitting at the right hand of 
the Power and coming with the clouds of heaven [176. Mt 26:64; 
Lk 22:69]. 


1“T’o be Christ” is omitted by some important authorities, and by Tdf., WH.mg., 
R.V.text. 


2 Mt 16:15 reads: ‘‘the Christ, the Son of the living God.” 
3 Lk 9:18 reads: ‘‘the Christ of God.” 


234 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mk 15:31, 32 Likewise also the chief priests, mocking him among 
themselves, said, Others he saved; himself he can not save. 32 Let 
the Christ,! the king of Israel, now come down from the cross that we 
may see and believe [178.] 


Lk 2:10, 11 And the angel said to them, Cease your fears, for we 
bring you good news of great joy which shall be to all the people; 11 
because today there has been born for you in the city of David a saviour, 
who is Christ and Lord? [9. LI]. 

Lk 2:26, And it had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that 
he should not see death before he should see the Christ of the Lord? 
[11. LI]. . 

Lk 3:15 And as the people were expectant and were all pondering 
in their hearts concerning John, whether he was the Christ... . 
[17. G]. 

Lk 23:39 And one of the evil-doers that was hanged with him 
blasphemed him, saying, Are not you the Christ? Save yourself and 
us [178. J]. 

Lk 24:25, 26 And he said to them, O foolish, and slow of heart 
to believe in all the things which the prophets spoke! 26 Was it not 
necessary for the Christ to suffer these things and to enter into his 
glory [183. J]? 

Lk 24:46 And he told them that it was so written that the Christ 
should suffer and rise from the dead on the third day [186. J]. 


Mt 1:1 The genealogical record of Jesus Christ, son of David, 
son of Abraham [2. MI]. 

Mt 1:16, 17 And Jacob begot Joseph, the husband of Mary, from 
whom was born Jesus who was called Christ. 17 So all the generations 
form Abraham to David are fourteen generations, and from David to 
the Babylonian captivity fourteen generations, and from the Babylonian 
captivity to Christ fourteen generations [2. MI]. 

Mt1:18 Now the birth of (Jesus) Christ was as follows‘ .... [5]. 

Mt 2:4 And gathering together all the chief priests and scribes 
of the people, he asked them what was the birthplace of the Christ 
(12. MI]. 

1 Mt 27:42 omits: ‘‘the Christ.” Lk 23:35 reads: “‘Others he saved; let him 
save himself, if he is the Christ of God, the chosen one.” 

2 Or “anointed Lord.” 

8 Or “‘the anointed of the Lord.” 

‘Some ancient authorities read: ‘‘the birth of the Christ.” 


JESUS 235 


Mt 11:2, 3 And John, having heard in the prison the works of 
the Christ, sent by two of his disciples 3 and asked him, Are you the 
coming one? or are we to expect another! [47. G]? 

Mt 23:10 Neither be called teachers, because one is your teacher, 
the Christ [156. M2]. 

Mt 26:68 And they struck him, saying, Prophesy to us, O Christ, 
who is it that struck you [176. M! or M? addition to Mk 14:65]? 

Mt 27:17 And when they were gathered together -Pilate said to 
them, Whom do you want me to release to you, Barabbas, or Jesus who 
is called Christ? [177]? 


C. Tur Views or JEwIsH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 


Sibylline Oracles (Book III), Second Century B.C. 


3:49, 50 And a holy prince shall come and wield a sceptre over 
all the world 50 unto all ages of hurrying time. 

3:286, 287 Then the God of heaven shall send a king, 287 and 
shall judge each man with blood and flame of fire. 

3:652-56 And then from the sunrise God shall send a king, 653 
who shall give every land relief from the bane of war: 654 some he 
shall slay, and to others he shall consecrate faithful vows. 655 Nor 
shall he do all these things by his own will, 656 but in obedience to the 
good ordinances of the mighty God. 


Sibylline Oracles (Book V), before 180 A.D. 


5:108, 109 And then a king sent from God against him 109 
shall destroy all the mighty kings and the best of men. 

5:414-17 For there has come from the plains of heaven a blessed 
man 415 with the sceptre in his hand which God has committed to his 
clasp: 416 and he has won fair dominion over all, and has restored 
to all 417 the good the wealth which the former men took. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 


Curses 9 (3:494) When they have received this unexpected liberty, 
those who but a short time before were scattered about in Greece, and 
in the countries of the barbarians, in the islands, and over the continents, 
rising up with one impulse, and coming from all the different parts 
imaginable, all hasten to one place pointed out to them, being guided 
on their way by some vision, more divine than is compatible with its being 
of the nature of man, invisible indeed to every one else, but apparent 

1Lk 7:18 reads: ‘And the disciples of John told him of all these things” and 
omits: ‘‘the works of the Christ.’ 

2Mk 15:9 reads: ‘Shall I release to you the king of the Jews?” 


236 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


only to those who were saved, having their separate inducements and 
intercessions, by whose intervention they might obtain a reconciliation 
with the Father. 

Rew. Pun. 15 (3:476) No mortal can terminate this war, but only 
the one uncreated God, when he selects some persons as worthy to be 
the saviours of their race; men who are peaceful, indeed, in disposition, 
fond of unanimity and fellowship with others, with whom envy has 
either absolutely never had any connection at all, or else it has speedily 
departed from them; and these men have determined to throw all their 
own private good things into the common stock for the use and enjoy- 
ment of all. 

Rew. Pun. 16 (8:477) Aman will come forth, says the word of God, 
leading a host and warring furiously, who will subdue great and populous 
nations, God sending that assistance which is suitable for pious men. 
... . He will have an irresistible power of dominion so as to be able 
to benefit the people subject to him, who may become so, whether out 
of good will, or out of fear, or out of shame; for he will have in him three 
things of the greatest importance, all contributing greatly to rendering 
his authority indestructible, namely, dignity, and terror and beneficence, 
by means of which qualities the ends above-mentioned will be gained. 


II. PALESTINIAN 
Jubilees, 135-105 B.C. 


31:18-20 And to Judah he said: 
““May the Lord give thee strength and power 
To tread down all that hate thee; 
A prince shalt thou be, thou and one of thy sons over the 
sons of Jacob..... 
19 In thee shall be the help of Jacob, 
And in thee be found the salvation of Israel. 
20 And when thou sittest on the throne of thy righteousness 
There shall be great peace for all the seed of the sons of the 
beloved.” 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Reub. 6:7-12 For to Levi God gave the sovereignty. .... 10 
Draw near to Levi in humbleness of heart, that you may receive a 
blessing from his mouth. 11 For he shall bless Israel and Judah, 
because the Lord has chosen him to be king over all the nation., 12 
Bow down before his seed, for on our behalf it will die in wars visible 
and invisible and will be among you an eternal king. 

Levi 8:14 A king shall arise in Judah, and shall establish a new 
priesthood, after the fashion of the Gentiles. 


JESUS 237 


Levi 18:1,2 And after their punishment shall have come from the 
Lord, the priesthood shall fail. 
2 Then shall the Lord raise up a new priest. 


Jud. 24:1 After these things a star shall arise to you from Jacob in 
peace, 
And a man shall arise like the sun of righteousness. ... . 
And no sin shall be found in him. .... 


Zeb. 9:8 After these things shall there arise unto you the Lord 
himself, the light of righteousness. 

Dan 5:10 And there shall arise unto you from the tribe of [Judah 
and of] Levi the salvation of the Lord. 

Naph. 4:5 The Lord shall scatter them upon the face of all the 
earth, until the compassion of the Lord shall come, a man working 
righteousness and working mercy unto all them that are afar off, and 
to them that are near. 

Jos. 19:8-11 And I saw that [from Judah was born] a virgin 
[wearing a linen garment, and from her] was born a lamb [without spot]; 
and on his left hand there was as it were a lion; and all the beasts 
rushed against him and the lamb overcame them. .... 11 Do you 
therefore, my children, observe the commandments of the Lord, and 
honor Leyi and Judah, for from them shall arise unto you [the Lamb 
of God, who takes away the sin of the world] one who saves [all the 
Gentiles and] Israel. 


I Enoch (Part II, Similitudes) 94-64 B.C. 


38:2 When the Righteous One shall appear before the eyes of tho 
righteous, 
Whose elect works hang upon the Lord of Spirits, 
And light shall appear to the righteous and the elect who dwell 
on the earth. 


40:5 And the second voice I heard blessing the Elect One and the 
elect ones who hang upon the Lord of Spirits. 


45:3, 4 On that day mine Elect One shall sit on the throne of glory 
And shall try their works. .... 
4 Then will I cause mine Elect One to dwell among them. 


46: 2,3 And I asked the angel who went with me and showed 
me all the hidden things, concerning that Son of Man, who he was and 
whence he was, (and) why he went with the Head of Days? 3 And he 
answered and said unto me: This is the Son of Man who has 
righteousness. 


238 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


48:2-4 And at that hour that Son of Man was named 
In the presence of the Lord of Spirits, 
And his name before the Head of Days. .... 
4 He shall be a staff to the righteous whereon to stay themselves 
and not fall, 
And he shall be the light of the Gentiles, 
And the hope of those who are troubled of heart. 


48:10 There shall be no one to take them with his hands and raise them: 
For they have denied the Lord of Spirits and his anointed. 


49:2-4 The Elect One stands before the Lord of Spirits 
And his glory is for ever and ever 
And his might unto all generations. 
3 And in him dwells the spirit of wisdom, 
And the spirit which gives insight, 
And the spirit of understanding and of might, 
And the spirit of those who have fallen asleep in righteousness. 
4 And he shall judge secret things, 
And none shall be able to utter a lying word before him; 
For he is the Elect One before the Lord of Spirits according to 
his good pleasure. 


52:4 All these things which you have seen shall serve the dominion 
of his anointed that he may be potent and mighty on the earth. 

52:6 All these shall be in the presence of the Elect One as wax 
before the fire. 

53:6 After this the Righteous and Elect One shall cause the house 
of his congregation to appear. 


61:8 And the Lord of Spirits placed the Elect One on the throne of 
glory. 
And he shall judge all the works of the holy above in the heaven, 
And in the balance shall their deeds be weighed. 


62:5 And pain shall seize them, 
When they see that Son of Man 
Sitting on the throne of his glory. 


62:7 From the beginning the Son of Man was hidden, 
And the Most High preserved him in the presence of his might, 
And revealed him to the elect. 


JESUS 239 


62:9 All the kings and the mighty .... 
Shall fall down before him on their faces, 
And worship and set their hope upon that Son of Man. 


62:14 And the Lord of Spirits will abide over them 
And with that Son of Man shall they eat 
And lie down and rise up for ever and ever. 


69:27 And he sat on the throne of his glory, 
And the sum of judgment was given unto the Son of Man. 


71:14 This is the Son of Man who is born unto righteousness, 
And righteousness abides over him, 
And the righteousness of the Head of Days forsakes him not. 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


17:23 Behold, O Lord, and raise up unto them their king, the son of 
David, 
At the time in which thou seest, O God, that he may reign over 
Israel thy servant. 


17:35, 86 And he shall be a righteous king, taught of God, over them, 

36 And there shall be no unrighteousness in his days in their 
midst, 

For all shall be holy and their king the anointed of the Lord. 


18:6-8 May God cleanse Israel against the day of mercy and blessing, 
Against the day of choice when he brings back his anointed. 
7 Blessed shall they be that shall be in those days, 
In that they shall see the goodness of the Lord... . 
8 Under the rod of chastening of the Lord’s anointed in the fear 
of his God. 


Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 18 B.C-70 A.D. 


2:10 And through his Messiah he shall make them know his holy 
spirit, 
And he is true, and in the true interpretation of his name are their 
names. 


9:9, 10 The sceptre is the prince of all the congregation 10 and 
“they that give heed unto him are the poor of the flock.” These shall 
escape during the period of visitation, but the rest shall be handed 
over to the sword when the Messiah comes from Aaron and Israel. 


240 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


9:29 They shall not be reckoned in the assembly of the people 
. . . . from the day when there was gathered in the Unique Teacher 
until there shall arise the Messiah from Aaron and from Israel. 

15:4 And this is the regulation of the dwellers (according to which 
they should) act during the period of the wickedness until there arises 
the Messiah (from) Aaron and Israel. 


IT Baruch, 60-100 A.D. 


29:3 And it shall come to pass when all is accomplished that was 
to come to pass in those parts, that the Messiah shall then begin to be 
revealed. 

39:7 Then the principate of my Messiah will be revealed, which is 
like the fountain and the vine. 

40:1 The last leader of that time will be left alive... . and my 
Messiah will convict him of all his impieties. 

40:3 And his principate will stand forever, until the world of 
corruption is at an end. 

70:9 [And it shall come to pass that whosoever of the victors and 
the vanquished gets safe out of and escapes all these things aforesaid 
will be delivered into the hands of my servant, Messiah.] 

72:2 When the time of my Messiah is come, he shall both summon 
all the nations, and some of them he shall spare and some of them he 
shall slay. 

IV Esdras, 100-135 A.D. 

7:28, 29 My Son, the Messiah, shall be revealed, ... . and shall 
rejoice the survivors four hundred years. 29 And it shall be after these 
years, that my son the Messiah shall die, and all in whom there is human 
breath. 

12:32 This (the lion) is the Messiah whom the Most High has 
kept unto the end (of the days, who shall spring from the seed of David). 

13:25 Whereas you saw a Man coming up from the heart of the 
Sea: this is he whom the Most High is keeping many ages. 

13:52 Just as one can neither seek out nor know what is in the 
deep of the Sea, even so can no one upon earth see my Son... . but 
in the time of his day. 

14:9 For you shall be taken up from among men, and henceforth 
you shall remain with my Son, and with such as are like you, until the 
times be ended. 

D. Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 


Bousset, Religion, pp. 255-67*; Schuerer, II, i, 129 ff.*; Oesterley 
and Box, chap. x*; Dalman, chap. xi; Mathews, Messianic Hope, 
p. 133; Burton, Galatians, pp. 396-99. 


JESUS 241 


23. LORD 


DEFINITION AND DERIVATION OF THE TERM 


The classical Greek term, translated “‘Lord,” denotes a person who 
has authority or control. In the Greek Old Testament it is used to 
translate a score of Hebrew words and varies in its application from any 
owner of property to Jehovah himself. 


New TESTAMENT USAGE 


The term ‘‘Lord”’ is used: (1) of the owner of a slave or other 
property (Mt 10:24; Mk 18:35); (2) of one who controls an institu- 
tion (Mt 12:8; Mk 2:28); (8) as a polite term of address like the 
English ‘‘ Mister”? (Master) or the German Herr; the Greek term trans- 
lated ‘‘Lord” is the common salutation in modern Greek (see Mt 17:15; 
18:21; 21:30; 27:68; Mk 7:28); (4) in the plural as a general title 
for deities or rulers (Mt 6:24; I Cor 8:5); (5) as a name for God, 
varying in its content from an express denotation of his sovereignty 
to a mere proper name; (6) of Jesus, it sometimes ascribes to him a 
supreme authority, subject to that of God (Rom 10:9; I Cor 7:22; 
12:3). 

As applied to Jesus, the term probably originated in the Aramaic, 
rather than in the Hebrew or Greek. It does not identify Jesus with 
God, though the lordship ascribed to him is similar to that affirmed of 
God, and the acknowledgment “‘Jesus is Lord’’ seems to have been the 
summary of early Christian faith (see Rom 10:9; I Cor 12:3; Phil 
ee 1) 

In his lifetime, Jesus was greeted as Lord, that is, Master or Rabbi. 
Later, in the apostolic age, the term was given an extended and higher 
meaning ascribing to Jesus theocratic authority (see Burton, Galatians, 
pp. 400-4). 


A. Tur JOHANNINE TEACHING 
I. REFERRING TO GOD, IN QUOTATIONS FROM THE 
OLD TESTAMENT 


Jn 1:23 John said, I am a voice of one crying in the wilderness. 
Make straight the way of the Lord, as said Isaiah the prophet. 

Jn 12:38 Lord, who believed our message? and to whom has the 
arm of the Lord been revealed ? | 


II. USED IN SPEAKING OF JESUS OR ADDRESSING HIM 


Jn 4:1 When therefore the Lord knew that the Pharisees had 
heard that Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than 


242 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Jn 6:23 But other boats came from Tiberias, near the place where 
they had eaten bread when the Lord had given thanks. 

Jn 6:67, 68 Then Jesus said to the twelve, You also will not go 
away, will you? 68 Simon Peter answered, Lord, to whom shall we 
go? You have the words of eternal life. 

Jn 11:2, 8 It was Mary who anointed the Lord with perfumed 
oil and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick. 
3 So his sisters sent to him, saying, Lord, he whom you love is sick. 

Jn 11:12 His disciples said to him, Lord, if he is sleeping he will 
recover. 

Jn 11:21 Martha said to Jesus, Lord, if you had been here my 
brother would not have died. 

Jn 11:27 She said to him, Yes, Lord, I have believed that you 
are the Christ, the Son of God, who was to come into the world [see also 
vss. 32, 34, 39]. 

Jn 13:6 Then Jesus came to Simon Peter. Peter said to him, 
Lord, you wash my feet! 

Jn 13:9 Simon Peter said to him, Lord, not my feet only, but my 
hands and my head. 

Jn 13:18, 14 You call me Teacher, and Lord, and you do well, 
for so Iam. 14 If I then, the Lord and the Teacher, have washed 
your feet, you also ought to wash one another’s feet. 

Jn 13:16 A servant is not greater than his lord [see also 15:20]. 

Jn 13:25 He (the disciple whom Jesus loved) reclining thus upon 
the breast of Jesus, said to him, Lord, who is it [see also vss. 36, 37, 
and 21:20, 21]? 

Jn 14:5 Thomas said to him, Lord, We do not know where you 
are going, how can we know the way [see also vss. 8, 22]? 

Jn 15:15 No longer do I call you servants, because the servant 
does not know what his lord is doing. 

Jn 20:2 Mary accordingly ran and came to Simon Peter and to 
the other disciple whom Jesus loved, and said to him, They have taken 
away the Lord out of the tomb, and we do not know where they have 
put him. 

Jn 20:18 Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples, I have 
seen the Lord [see also vss. 20, 25]. 

Jn 20:28 Thomas said to him, My Lord and my God. 

Jn 21:7 That disciple whom Jesus loved said to Peter, It is the 
Lord. Simon Peter therefore having heard that it was the Lord, put 
on his coat. 

Jn 21:12 No one of the disciples ventured to ask him, Who are 
you? knowing that it was the Lord. 


JESUS 243 


Jn 21:15 When therefore they had eaten, Jesus said to Simon 
Peter, Simon, son of John, do you love me more than these? Peter 
said to him, Yes, Lord: you know that I love you [see also vss. 16, 
120] 

Besides the foregoing passages, the same word is frequently used, 
apparently meaning only “Sir,” as a term of polite address (see, for 
example, Jn 4:11, 15, 19, 49; 5:7; 6:34; 9:36, 38; especially 12:21). 


B. Tur Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 1:3 A voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare the way 
of the Lord, make his paths straight [17. Mt 3:3; Lk 3:4]. 

Mk 2:28 The Son of man is Lord even of the Sabbath (31. 
Mt 12:8!; Lk 6:5]. 

Mk 11:3 And if anyone shall say to you, Why are you doing this? 
say, The Lord has need of him [144. Mt 21:3; Lk 19:31]. 

Mk 11:9 Hosanna, blessed is he that comes in the name of the 
Lord [144. Mt 21:92; Lk 19:383]. 

Mk 12:29, 30 Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord. 30 
And you shall love the Lord your God with your whole heart, and with 
your whole soul, and with your whole understanding, and with your 
whole strength [154. Mt 22:374; Lk 10:27° (103)]. 

Mk 12:36, 37 David himself said in the Holy Spirit, The Lord 
said to my Lord, Sit at my right hand until I put your enemies under 
your feet. 37 David himself calls him Lord; how then can he be his 
son [155. Mt 22:44, 45; Lk 20:42-44]? 


Mt 7:21, 22 Not every one who Lk 6:46 Why do you call me, 
says to me, Lord, Lord, will enter Lord, Lord, and do not do the 
the kingdom of heaven; but he things that I say [48. G]? 

who does the will of my Father 

in heaven. 22 Many will say to 

_ me in that day, Lord, Lord, did 

we not prophesy in your name, 

and in your name expel demons, 

and in your name do many great 

deeds [43. M]? 


1Mt 13:28; Lk 6:5 omit: “even.” 
2Mt 21:9 reads: ‘‘Hosanna to the son of David.” 


3 Lk 19:38 omits: ‘‘Hosanna,’’ and reads: ‘‘ Blessed is the king that comes in the 
name of the Lord.” 

4 Mt 22:37 omits: ‘‘Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord” and “with 
your whole strength.” 


8 Lk 10:27 omits: ‘‘Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord.” 


244 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


Mt 8:2 And a leper coming to him worshipped him and said, 
Lord,! if you will, you can make me clean [27. Lk 5:12]. 

Lk 4:8 It is written, The Lord your God you shall worship, and 
him only shal] you serve [19. G; Mt 4:10]. 

Lk 4:12 It is said, You shall not put the Lord your God to the 
test [19. G; Mt 4:7]. 

(See also Lk 10:21; Mt 11:25, under 2, B, p. 50; Lk 12:48, 46 
[115]; Mt 24:46, 50 [165]; Lk 18:41; Mt 20:38 [141, addition to Mk 
10:51].) 


Lk 1:6 And they were both righteous before God, walking in all 
the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless [8. LI]. 

Lk 1:9 According to the custom of the priesthood it fell to his 
lot to enter the sanctuary of the Lord [8. LI]. 

Lk 1:11 And there appeared to him an angel of the Lord standing 
on the right side of the altar of incense [38. LI]. 

(See also Lk 1:15, 16, 17, 25 [8. LI]; Lk 1:28, 32, 38 [4. LI].) 

Lk 1:43 And how has it come about that the mother of my Lord 
should come to me [6. LI]? 

Lk 5:8 And when Simon Peter saw it he fell down at Jesus’ knees 
saying, Depart from me, because I am a sinful man, O Lord [26. G]! 

Lk 5:17 And the power of the Lord was present to heal them 
[28, addition to Mk 2:2]. 

Lk 7:18 And the Lord seeing her was moved with pity for her 
[46. G]. 

Lk 7:18 And John sent to the Lord, saying... . [47. G; 
Mt 11:2] 

Lk 9:54 And the disciples James and John seeing it said, Lord, 
do you wish us to command fire to come down from heaven and destroy 
them [99. P]? 

Lk 10:1 After these things the Lord appointed seventy others 
Deh ae LOL SKE de 

Lk 10:2 Pray therefore the Lord of the harvest that he will thrust 
out laborers into his harvest [101. P; Mt 9:38 (70)]. 

(See also Lk 10:17, 39, 41 P [102, 104].) 


Mt 1:20 An angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream [5. 
MI]. (See also 2:13 [13. MI].) 

Mt1:22 Now all this happened that that might be fulfilled which 
was spoken by the Lord through the prophet [5. MI]. (See also Mt 
2:15 [18. MI].) 

1The word “Lord”’ is an addition to Mk 1:40. 

2 Mt 11:2 omits: ‘to the Lord.” 


JESUS 245 


Mt 14:28 Peter said to him, Lord, if it is you, command me to 
come to you upon the waters [79. M']. (See also 14:30.) 

Besides the foregoing passages, the same word is frequently used, 
as in the Gospel of John, apparently meaning only “‘Sir,’”’ as a term 
of polite address. (See, forexample: Mt 8:6, 8; Mt 21:30; or in the 
sense of master [of a servant]: Mt 25:18, 19, 20, 21; Lk 16:3, 5, 8; 
or as the owner of property: Mk 12:9.) 


C. THe Views or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Letter of Aristeas, after 130 B.C. 


195 This man the king praised and then said to the next, What is 
the highest good in life? And he answered, To know that God is 
Lord of the Universe, and that in our finest achievements it is not we 
who attain success but God who by his power brings all things to ful- 
fillment and leads us to the goal. 


II Enoch 1-50 A.D. 


22:1 On the tenth heaven, Aravoth, I saw the appearance of the 
Lord’s face, like iron made to glow in fire, and brought out, emitting 
sparks, and it burns. Thus I saw the Lord’s face, but the Lord’s face 
is ineffable, marvellous and very awful, and very, very terrible. 


Books of Adam and Eve, ca. 200 A.D. 


49:3 When Eve had said all this to her children, she spread out 
her hands to heaven in prayer, and bent her knees to the earth, and 
while she worshipped the Lord and gave him thanks, she gave up the 
ghost. 

II, PALESTINIAN 
Tobit, Date Uncertain, 350-170 B.C. 


13:4 Because he is our Lord, and he our God and he our Father, 
Yea, he is God to all the ages. 
D. THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Moprern LItTeRATURE 


Bacon, ‘‘Jesus as Lord,’”? HTR (1911), pp. 204-28; Case, JBL 
(1907), pp. 151-61; Dalman, pp. 324-31; Burton, Galatians, pp. 399- 
404; MacNeill, pp. 70 ff. 


24. SAVIOUR 
DEFINITION OF THE TERM 


The Greek word translated ‘‘Saviour”’ comes down from ancient 
times with the meanings, ‘‘deliverer” or ‘‘preserver.”’ It was especi- 


246 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


ally applied to Zeus, the chief deity of the Greeks, to whom offerings 
were made upon the completion of a safe voyage. It was a title also 
given to other deities and to persons who had rendered distinguished 
public service. 

In the Old Testament the term ‘“‘saviour” is applied to those who 
delivered Israel from oppressors (Judg 3:9; II Kings 18:5; Neh 9:27). 
It is used more commonly, however, of Jehovah himself (II Sam 22:3; 
Ps 106:21; Isa 48:3; cf. Lk 1:47; Jude 25). 

In the New Testament “Saviour” is commonly a title of Jesus (of 
God in Lk 1:47; Jude 25). Its application to Jesus occurs almost 
altogether outside the gospels. (See Acts 5:31 18:28; Eph 5:23; 
Phil) 3:205\I0\'Tim!) 1:103,'Titus’ 1:4; 33G;sL Petvls nl eacus 
3:2, 18; I Jn 4:14.) 

The meaning of the term must largely be found in the kindred term 
“‘save,’’ which is so used as to indicate to us what both these terms meant 
to the early Christian. (1) As saviour, Jesus was to lead Israel out of 
the sins that delayed the coming of the Kingdom of God (Mt 1:21). 
(2) He delivered the Christian from the anger of God (Rom 5:9) and 
insured him a happy condition in the coming age (Gal 1:4). 


A. THE JOHANNINE TEACHING 
Jn 4:42 Surely this is the Saviour of the world. 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Lk 2:11 Because today there has been born for you in the city 
of David a Saviour, who is Christ and Lord! [9. LI]. 
(See also Mt 1:21 [5. MI].) 
C. THe Views or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II. PALESTINIAN 


D. Mopern LITERATURE 
Art. “Saviour,” H. DCG. 


25. HIS PERSONAL RELIGION AND MISSION 


(See topic 6: ‘Jesus’ Own Personal Religion and Personal 
Mission.’’) 
26. HIS CLAIMS UPON MEN 
(See topic 10: ‘‘ Discipleship to Jesus.’’) 


1 Or ‘anointed Lord.” 


JESUS 247 


27. THE AUTHENTICATION OF HIS CLAIMS 


A. Tue JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:6-8 There came a man sent from God, whose name was 
John. 7 He came for testimony, to bear testimony concerning the 
light, that through him all men might believe. 8 He was not the light, 
but came to testify concerning the light. 

Jn 1:26 John answered them, I baptize in water, but there is 
standing among you one whom you do not know 27 who comes after 
me, the thong of whose sandal I am not worthy to loosen. 

Jn 1:29-34. (See under 12, A, p. 180.) 

Jn 1:35-51. (See under 10, A, p. 168.) 

Jn 2:11 This was the beginning of Jesus’ signs, in Cana of Galilee, 
and he manifested his glory, and his disciples believed in him. 

Jn 2:138-22 And the Passover of the Jews was at hand, and Jesus 
went up to Jerusalem. 14 And he found in the temple the sellers of 
oxen and sheep and doves, and the money-changers in their seats: 
15 and he made a scourge of cords, and drove them all out of the temple, 
both the sheep and the oxen; and he poured out the changer’s money, 
and overthrew their tables; 16 and to them that sold the doves he said, 
Take these things hence; make not my Father’s house a house of traffic. 
17 His disciples remembered that it was written, Zeal for thy house shall 
eatme up. 18 The Jews therefore said to him, What sign do you show 
us, seeing you do these things? 19 Jesus said to them, Destroy this 
temple, and in three days I willraise it up. 20 The Jews therefore said, 
Forty-six years was this temple in building, and will you raise it up in 
three days? 21 But he spoke of the temple of his body. 22 When 
therefore he had risen from the dead, his disciples remembered that he 
had said this, and they believed the scripture and the word that Jesus 
had said. 

Jn 2:23—3:4 And as he was in Jerusalem at the Passover at the 
feast, many believed in his name, beholding his signs which he did. 
24 But Jesus did not entrust himself to them because he knew all men 
25 and because he had no need that any one testify concerning man, for 
he himself knew what was in man. 

3:1 There was a man from the Pharisees, Nicodemus by name, 
a ruler of the Jews. 2 This man came to him at night and said to him, 
Rabbi, we know that you have come from God a teacher, for no man is 
able to do these signs which you do if God be not with him. 3 Jesus 
answered him, Truly, truly, I say to you, If one be not born anew, he is 
not able to see the kingdom of God. 4 Nicodemus says to him, How 
is a man able to be born, being old? He is not able to enter into his 
mother’s womb a second time and be born, is he? 


248 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


Jn 4:16-19 He said to the woman, Go, call your husband, and 
come back here. 17 The woman answered him, I have no husband. 
Jesus said, You do well to say, I have no husband. 18 For you have 
had five husbands, and the man with whom you are now living is not 
your husband. In this you have told the truth. 19 The woman said 
to him, Sir, I see that you are a prophet. 

Jn 4:28, 29 The woman left her water pot and went away to the 
city and said to the men, 29 Come, see a man who told me everything 
that I ever did. 

Jn 4:39-42 And from that city many of the Samaritans believed 
in him because of the testimony of the woman, He told me everything 
that I ever did. 40 When therefore the Samaritans came to him they 
asked him to stay with them, and he stayed there two days. 41 And 
many more believed because of what he himself said; 42 and said to 
the woman, Now we believe, not because of what you said, for we have 
ourselves heard him and know that this is in truth the Saviour of the 
world. 

Jn 4:54 This is again a second sign that Jesus did on coming out 
of Judea into Galilee. 

Jn 5:16, 17 On this account the Jews persecuted Jesus, because 
he was doing these things on the Sabbath. 17 And he answered them, 
My Father has gone on working even until now, and I am working. 

Jn 5:30-47. (See under 12, A, p. 180.) 

Jn 6:2, 14, 15, 26, 30-33 And a great multitude followed him, 
because they saw the signs that he was doing in healing the sick. ... . 
14 So the men that saw the signs which he did said, This is surely 
the prophet that was to come into the world. 15 Jesus, perceiving that 
they would come and seize him to make him king, went away again to 


the mountain, alone. .... 26 Jesus answered them, In very truth 
I tell you, You seek me not because you saw signs, but because you ate 
the bread and were satisfied. .... 30 So they said to him, What sign 


then do you do, that we may see it and believe you? What do you do? 
31 Our fathers ate the manna in the wilderness; as it is written, He 
gave them bread out of heaven to eat. 32 Jesus therefore said to them, 
In very truth I tell you, it was not Moses that gave you the bread out 
of heaven, but my Father is giving you the true bread out of heaven. 
33 For the bread of God is he that comes down out of heaven and 
gives life to the world. 

Jn 6:63 It is the Spirit that gives life: the flesh is of no profit: 
the words that I have spoken to you are spirit and they are life. 

Jn 6:66-69 Upon this many of his disciples left him and no longer 
followed him. 67 Jesus therefore said to the twelve, You also will not 
go away, will you? 68 Simon Peter answered, Lord, to whom shall 


a ee 8. 6, 


JESUS 249 


we go? You have the words of eternal life, 69 and we have believed 
and know that you are the Holy One of God. 

Jn 9:1-3, 6, 7, 16, 30, 31, 39-41 And as he was passing along, he 
saw a man blind from birth. 2 And his disciples asked him, Rabbi, 
for whose sin is this man blind? his own or his parents’? 3 Jesus 
answered, Neither for his own sin nor for his parents’, but that the works 
of God might be manifested in him. .... 6 Having said these things, 
he spat upon the ground, and mixed the clay with the spittle and put 
the moistened clay upon the man’s eyes, 7 and said to him, Go and wash 
in the pool of Siloam. .... So he went and washed and returned with 
his sight restored. ... . 16 Some of the Pharisees said, This man is 
not from God, because he does not keep theSabbath. .... 30 The man 
answered .... 31 We know that God does not hear sinners, but if 
any man is a worshipper of God and does his will, God hearshim. ... . 
39 And Jesus said, For judgment I came into this world, that those 
who do not see may see, and that those who see may become blind. 40 
Some of the Pharisees who were with him heard these things, and said 
to him, You do not mean that we also are blind, do you? 41 Jesus 
said to them, If you were blind, you would have no sin, but because 
you say, We see, your sin remains. 

Jn 10:32-38 Jesus answered them, Many good works I showed 
you from the Father, for which work of these do you stone me? 33 
The Jews answered him, Concerning a good work we do not stone you, 
but concerning blasphemy, and because you, being a man, make your- 
self God. 34 Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, “I 
said, You are gods”? 35 If he called them gods to whom the word 
of God came (and the scripture can not be broken), 36 do you say to 
him whom the Father consecrated and sent into the world, ‘‘ You blas- 
pheme,” because I said, Iam God’s son? 37 If I do not do the works 
of my Father, do not believe me. 38 But if I do, even though you do 
not believe me, believe the works, in order that you may perceive 
and know that the Father is in me and I in the Father. 

Jn 11:4, 45 Jesus said, This sickness is not to end in death, 
but is for the glory of God, that the Son of God may be glorified 
through it..... 45 Many of the Jews who had come to Mary and 
had seen what he did (in raising Lazarus from the dead), believed in him. 

Jn 12:37-43 And though he had done so many signs before them, 
they did not believe in him; 388 that the word of Isaiah the prophet 
might be fulfilled, in which he said, “Lord, who believed our report, 
and to whom was the arm of the Lord revealed?” 39 Indeed they could 
not believe, because Isaiah said in another place, 40 “He has blinded 
their eyes and hardened their hearts, that they might not see with their 
eyes and perceive with their hearts, and turn, and I should heal them.” 


250 THE TEACHING OF JESUS 


41 These things Isaiah said, because he saw his glory and spoke con- 
cerning him. 42 Nevertheless many from among the rulers did believe 
in him, but because of the Pharisees they did not confess it lest they 
should be put out of thesynagogue. 43 For they loved the praise of men 
more than the praise of God. 

Jn 14:10, 11 Do you not believe that I am in the Father and the 
Father in me? The words that I speak to you I do not speak from 
myself. The Father that abides in me does his works. 11 Believe 
me, that I am in the Father, and the Father in me: or else believe me 
just because of the works themselves. 

Jn 15:22-24 If I had not come and spoken to them, they would 
not have had sin; but now they have not a pretext for their sin. 23 
The man who hates me also hates my Father. 24 If I didnot do among 
them the works which no one else did, they would not have had sin; 
but now they have both beheld and hated both me and my Father. 

Jn 20:24-29 Thomas, one of the twelve, who was called Didymus, 
was not with them when Jesus came. 25 So the other disciples said 
to him, We have seen the Lord. But he said to them, Unless I see in his 
hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, 
and my hand into his side, I will not believe. 26 And eight days later 
the disciples were in a room and Thomas was with them, and though 
the doors were closed, Jesus came and stood in the midst and said to 
them, Peace to you. 27 Then he said to Thomas, Put your finger here, 
and see my hand, and put your hand here, and thrust it into my side, 
and be no longer unbelieving, but believe. 28 Thomas said to him, 
My Lord and my God. 29 Jesus said to him, Have you believed 
because you have seen me? Blessed are those that have not seen and 
have believed. 

Jn 20:30, 31 Now Jesus did many other signs before his disciples 
which are not written in this book. 31 But these are written that 
you may continue to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, 
and that believing you may continue to have life in his name. 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 1:2, 3 As is written in Isaiah the prophet!. . . . Behold, I 
send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way.’ 
3 A voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare the way of the Lord, 
make straight his paths [17. Mt 3:3; Lk 3:4]. 

Mk 1:10, 11. (See under 6, B, p. 114.) 

Mk 1:16-20. (See under 6, B, p. 115.) 


1 Mt 3:3 reads: ‘‘This is he that was spoken of by Isaiah the prophet.” 


2Mt 3:3 and Lk 3:4 omit: ‘‘Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who 
will prepare your way” (Mal 3:1) which is found in Mt 11:10b; Lk 7:276 (47). 


JESUS 251 


Mk 1:22-27. (See under 6, B, p. 115.) 

Mk 2:8-12. (See under 9, 1, B, p. 148.) 

Mk 2:13, 14. (See under 1, 1, B, p. 25, and 10, B, p. 171.) 

Mk 3:13-15. (See under 10, B, p. 171.) 

Mk 6:1-6 And he came to his own city and his disciples were 
with him. 2 And on the Sabbath he attended the synagogue and 
preached the sermon; and the most of those who heard him were aston- 
ished and said, Where did this man learn these things, and what is this 
wisdom that has been given to him, and how does he do such great 
deeds as he does? 3 Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, and 
the brother of James and Joseph and Judas and Simon, and are not his 
sisters living here with us? So he was a stumbling block to them. 4 
And Jesus said, A prophet is honored except in his own country and 
among his kindred and at home. 5 And he could not do there any 
great deed, except that he laid his hands upon a few sick people and 
cured them. 6 And he was astonished at their unbelief [69. Mt 
13: 54-58]. 

Mk 6:47-52 And at evening the boat was in the midst of the Sea, 
and he was alone upon the land. 48 And seeing them toiling in their 
rowing (for the wind was against them), at about the fourth watch of the 
night he came to them, walking upon the Sea, and intended to pass them 
by. 49 But when they saw him walking upon the Sea they supposed 
that he was a ghost, and they cried out, 50 for they all saw him and were 
alarmed. But immediately he spoke with them and said to them, Be 
of good courage: It is I; dismiss your fears. 51 And he went up to 
them into the boat and the wind died down; and they were greatly 
astonished. 52 For they did not understand about the bread, but 
their minds were dulled [79. Mt 14:23-33]. 

Mk 7:14-19. (See under 12, B, p. 184.) 

Mk 8:11, 12. (See under 12, B, p. 185.) 

Mk 9:7. (See under 6, B, p. 116.) 

Mk 11:27-33. (See under 12, B, p. 184.) 

Mk 14:62. (See under 6, B, p. 118.) 

Lk 4:3. (See under 2, B, p. 49.) 

Lk 4:9. (See under 2, B, p. 49.) 

Lk 10:22. (See under 2, B, p. 50.) 


Lk 1:26-38. (See under 18, B, p. 215.) 


Mt 1:16, 17. (See under 22, B, p. 234.) 
Mt 1:18-25. . (See under 18, B, p. 217.) 
Mt 14:33. (See under 20. B, p. 226.) 


252 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


C. Tue Views orf JEWISH WRITERS 


I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II. PALESTINIAN 


D. Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LItTeRATURE 
Wendt, IT, 122-83. 


28. HIS SUFFERINGS AND DEATH 


A. Tur JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 1:29 The next day John saw Jesus coming to him and said, 
See, this is the Lamb of God, that takes away the sin of the world. 

Jn 2:19-21 Jesus said to them, Destroy this temple, and in three 
days I will raise it up. 20 The Jews therefore said, Forty-six years was 
this temple in building, and will you raise it up in three days? 21 But 
he spoke of the temple of his body. 

Jn 3:14, 15 And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, 
so must the Son of man be lifted up, 15 that whoever believes in him 
may have eternal life. 

Jn 6:51 I am the living bread that came down out of heaven: 
if any man shall eat of this bread, he will live forever: and the bread 
which I will give is my flesh, for the life of the world. 

Jn 6:63 It is the Spirit that gives life. The flesh is of no profit. 
The words that I have spoken to you are spirit and they are life. . 

Jn 10:11, 15, 18 I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd 
lays down his life for the sheep... . . 15 And I lay down my life for 
the sheep. .... 18 No one takes it away from me, but I lay it down 
of myself. I have authority to lay it down, and I have authority to 
take it again. I received this authority from my Father. 

Jn 12:23-26 And Jesus answered them, The hour has come for . 
the Son of man to be glorified. 24 In very truth I tell you, Unless a 
grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains a single grain; 
but if it dies, it produces many more. 25 He that loves his life loses it; 
and he that hates his life in this world will keep it to life eternal. 
26 If any man will serve me, let him follow me; and where I am, 
there will my servant be also. If any man serves me, the Father will 
honor him. 

Jn 13:1 Now before the feast of the Passover, Jesus, knowing that 
the hour had come for him to depart out of this world to the Father, 
having loved his own that were in the world, loved them to the end. 

Jn 14:19 Only a little while longer will the world see me, but you 
will see me; because I live, and you will live. 


JESUS 253 


Jn 15:13 Greater love has no one than this, that he should lay 
down his life for his friends. 

Jn 15:23-25 He that hates me hates my Father also. 24 If I 
had not done among them the works which no other man ever did, they 
would have had no sin; but now they have both seen and hated both 
me and my Father. 25 But this is, that the word might be fulfilled 
which is written in their law, They hated me without cause. 

Jn 16:28 And I came forth from the Father, and have come into 
the world. Again I am leaving the world and going to my Father. 

Jn 17:19 And for their sakes I consecrate myself, that they also 
may be truly consecrated. 

Jn 18:11 Put up your sword into its sheath. The cup which my 
Father has given me, shall I not drink it? 

Jn 19:28-30 After this Jesus, knowing that all things had been 
finished, that the scripture might be fulfilled, said, I am thirsty. 29 
There stood there a vessel full of sour wine, and fastening a sponge full 
of the wine on a hyssop stick, they put it to his mouth. 30 When then 
he had received the wine, Jesus said, It is finished, and bowing his 
head he gave up his spirit. 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 2:20 But days will come when the bridegroom is taken away 
from them and then they will fast, in that day [30. Mt9:15; Lk 5:35]. 

Mk 3:6 And the Pharisees went out and immediately conferred! 
with the Herodians against him how they might destroy him [82. 
Mt 12:14; Lk 6:11]. 

Mk 8:31-37 [87]. (See under 6, B, p. 116.) 

Mk 9:30-32 [90]. (See under 6, B, p. 116.) 

Mk 10:32-34 [139]. (See under 6, B, p. 117.) 

Mk 10:35—45 [140]. (See under 6, B, p. 117.) 


1Mt 12:14 omits: “with the Herodians,” 


254 


Mt 26:1-5 And when 
Jesus ended all these 
words, he said to his 
disciples, 2 You know 
that after two days 
the Passover is coming 
and the Son of man 
is given up to be cruci- 
fied. 3 Then the chief 
priests and all the 
elders of the people 
were gathered together 
at the court of the 
high priest called 
Caiaphas 4 and they 
consulted that they 
might seize Jesus by 
craft and kill him. 
5 But they said, Not 
during the feast, that 
there be not a tumult 
among the people. 


Mk 14:1, 2 And the 
Passover and the un- 
leavened bread were 
coming after two days. 
And the chief priests 
and the scribes sought 
how they might seize 
him by craft and kill 
him, 2 for they said, 
Not during the feast 
lest there shall be per- 
haps a tumult of the 
people [170]. 


Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


Lk 22:1, 2 And there 
was approaching the 
feast of the unleavened 
bread which is called 
the Passover. 2 And 
the chief priests and 
the scribes were seek- 
ing how they might 
destroy him, for they 
feared the people. 


Mk 14:8 What she could do she did, she anointed in advance my 


body for burial [171. 


Mt 26:14-16 Then 
one of the _ twelve, 
the one called Judas 
Iscariot, going to the 
chief priests 15 said, 
What are you willing 
to give me if I deliver 
him to you? And 
they weighed him 
thirty pieces of silver. 
16 And from then he 
sought opportunity to 
give him up. 


Mt 26:12]. 


Mk 14:10, 11 And 
Judas Iscariot, the one 
who was one of the 
twelve, went away to 
the chief priests that 
he might give him up 
to them. 11 And they 
were glad to hear it 
and promised to give 
him silver. And he 
sought how he might 
conveniently give him 
up [172]. 


Lk 22:3-6 And Satan 
entered into Judas, 
the one called Iscariot, 
being of the number 
of the twelve. 4 And — 
he went away and 
talked with the chief 
priests and officers how 
he might give him up 
to them. .5 And they 
were glad and agreed 
to give him silver, 6 
and he sought oppor- 
tunity to give him up 
to them in the absence 
of a crowd. 


Mk 14: 22-24 [173]. 
Mk 14:32-42 [174]. 
Mk 14:61-64 [176]. 


Mt 27:46-50 And 
about the ninth hour 
Jesus cried out with a 
great voice saying, Eloi, 
Eloi, lama _ sabach- 
thanei, that is, My 
God, my God, why 
hast thou forsaken 
me? 47 Some of those 
standing there, hear- 
ing said, This man is 
calling Elijah! 48 
And one of them ran 
quickly, took a sponge, 
and filled it with sour 
wine, tied it on a reed, 
and gave him a drink. 
49 The rest said, Let 
us see if Elijah comes 
to save him. Another 
took a spear and 
pierced his side, and 
water and blood came 
out. 50 And Jesus, 
again crying out, with 
a great voice, yielded 
up the spirit. 


JESUS 


255 


(See under 6, B, p. 117.) 
(See under 6, B, p. 118.) 
(See in part under 6, B, p. 118.) 

Mk 15:2 And Pilate asked him, You are the king of the Jews? 
And answering him, he says, You say it [177. Mt 27:11; Lk 23:3]. 
(See Mk 15:9-15 [177. Mt 27:17-26; Lk 23:18-—23].) 


Mk 15:34-37 And at 
the ninth hour Jesus 
cried out with a great 
voice, Eloi, Eloi, lama 
sabachthanei, which is, 
being interpreted, My 
God, my God, why 
hast thou forsaken 
me? 35 And some of 
those standing by, 
hearing, said, Behold, 
he is calling Elijah! 36 
And a certain man 
filled a sponge with 
sour wine, tied it on a 
reed and gave him a 
drink, saying, Let us 
see if Elijah comes to 
take him down! 37 
And Jesus, uttering a 
great cry, expired [178]. 


Lk 23:46 And crying 
out with a great voice, 
Jesus said, Father, into 
thy hands I commit 
my spirit. And hay- 
ing said this he expired. 


Lk 23:39-43 One of the crucified evildoers blasphemed him. 
Are you not the Christ? Save yourself and us! 40 But the other, 
answering, rebuked him and said, Don’t you fear God, because you 
are in the same condemnation? 41 And we indeed justly for we 
receive things worthy of the deeds we did, but this man did nothing 
out of place. 42 And he said, Jesus, remember me when you come into 
your kingdom! 43 And he said to him, I tell you truly today you 
shall be with me in the paradise [178. L?]. 


256 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


C. Tue Views oF JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II. PALESTINIAN 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 
17:26, 27,39 He shall thrust out sinners from the inheritance, 

He shall destroy the pride of the sinner as a potter’s vessel. 

With a rod of iron he shall break in pieces all their 
substance. 

27 He shall destroy the godless nations with the word of his 

mouth; 

At his rebuke nations shall flee before him. 

And he shall reprove sinners for the thoughts of their 


39 For he will smite the earth with the word of his mouth 
forever. 
He will bless the people of the Lord with wisdom and 
gladness. 


(Compare Lk 1:32, 68-75; Mk 8:31-33. See also passages under 
topic 22.) 
D. THE TEACHING OF JESUS 
E. Mopern LITERATURE 
Wendt, II, 218-65; Bruce, chap. x; Schwartzkopff, chap. ii; 
Burton, Smith and Smith, chaps. iv, v, vi; Denney, chap i.; Beech- 
ing, Lect. IV. See also under topic 9. 


29. HIS RESURRECTION AND FUTURE LIFE 
(See topic 30.) 


CHAPTER V 


THE FUTURE 
30. THE FUTURE OF JESUS 


A. THE JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 2:19-21 Jesus said to them, Destroy this temple, and in three 
days I will raise it up. 20 The Jews therefore said, Forty-six years 
was this temple in building, and will you raise it up in three days? 
21 But he spoke of the temple of his body. 

Jn 5:28, 29 Be not astonished at this: for the hour is coming, 
in which all that are in the tombs shall hear his voice, 29 and shall come 
forth; those who have done good, to a resurrection of life; and those 
whose practices have been evil, to a resurrection of judgment. 

Jn 6:54 He that eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal 
life; and I will raise him up at the last day. 

Jn 14:1-3. (See under 31, p. 259.) 

Jn 14:18, 19 I will not leave you desolate. I will come to you. 
19 Only a little while longer will the world see me, but you shall see 
me, because I live, and you will live. 

Jn 14:28, 29 You have heard me say to you, I am going away, 
and I will come again to you. If you loved me, you would rejoice, 
because I am going to the Father, because the Father is greater than 
Iam. 29 And now I have told you before it happens, that when it 
happens you may believe. 

Jn 16:16-22 After a little while you will see me no more, and 
then after a little while you will see me. 17 Some of the disciples there- 
fore said to one another, What is this that he is saying to us, After a 
little while you will see me no more, and then after a little while you 
will see me? and, Because I go to the Father? 18 So they said, What 
is this little while of which he speaks? We do not understand. 19 
Jesus knew that they wished to ask him, and he said to them, Are you 
inquiring among yourselves about this that I said, After a little while 
you will see me no more, and then after a little while you will see me? 
20 In very truth I tell you, that you will weep and mourn, but the 
world will rejoice. You will be grieved, but your grief will be turned 
into joy. 21 When a woman is in labor with child she is sorrowful 
because her hour has come; but when the child is born, then she forgets 
her pain for joy that a child has been born into the world. 22 So you 


257 


258 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


also have grief now, but I will see you again and your hearts will rejoice, 
and the joy which you will then have no one will take away from you. 

Jn 16:28 I came forth from the Father and have come into the world. 
Now I am leaving the world, and I am going again to the Father. 

Jn 17:5 And now glorify thou me, O Father, with thyself with the 
glory which I had with thee before the world was. 

Jn 17:11 And Iam no longer to be in the world; they are to be 
in the world and I am coming to thee. 

(See also John, chaps. 20 and 21.) 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 8:31-87. (See under 6, B, p. 116.) 

Mk 9:30-32. (See under 6, B, p. 116.) 

Mk 10:32-34. (See under 6, B, p. 117.) 

Mk 12:26, 27 Now as concerns the fact that the dead rise, did 
you never read in the book of Moses in the passage about the Bush 
that God said to him, I am the God of Abraham and God of Isaac 
and God of Jacob? 27 He is not a God of dead men, but of living.? 
You are far astray [153. Mt 22:31, 32; Lk 20:37, 38]. 

Mk 13:26, 27 And then they will see the Son of man coming in 
clouds with great power and glory. 27 And then will he send out the 
angels and they will gather together his chosen ones from all directions: 
from the extremity of the earth even to the extremity of heaven [163. 
Mt 24:30, 31; Lk 21:27]. 

Mk 13:30, 32 Of a truth I tell you, that this generation shall not 
pass away until all these things happen. ... . 32 But concerning that 
day or that hour no one knows, not even the angels of heaven nor the 
Son, no one but the Father [164. Mt 24:34, 36; Lk 21:32]. 

Mk 14:61, 62 The high priest asked him, Are you the Christ, 
the Son of the Blessed? 62 And Jesus said, I am, and you will see the 
Son of man sitting at the right hand of power,’ and coming with the 
clouds of heaven {176. Mt 26:63, 64; Lk 22:67, 69, 70]. 


Lk 17:22-30. (See under 19, B, p. 221.) 
Lk 22:28-30. (See below under 31, B, p. 261.) 


Mt 10:23. (See under 19, B, p. 222.) 

Mt 12:40 And as Jonah was in the belly of the whale three days 
and three nights, so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights 
in the heart of the earth [50. M2]. 


1 Instead of ‘‘ You are far astray’’ Luke reads: ‘For all lived to him.’ 


2 Mt 26:64 reads: ‘‘from now on you will see ... .’’; Lk 22:69 reads: “from 
now on the Son of man will be seated at the right hand of the power.” 


THE Borge 259 


Mt 13:41. (See under 19, B, p. 222.) 
Mt 16:28. (See under 19, B, p. 222.) 
Mt 19:28. (See under 19, B, p. 222.) 
Mt 24:30. (See under 19, B, p. 222.) 
Mt 25:31. (See under 19, B, p. 222.) 


C. Tur Views or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Il. PALESTINIAN 
D. THe TEACHING orf JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 


Wendt, II, 265-307; Mathews, Messianic Hope, pp. 113-19; 
Dobschiitz, pp. 102-20; Winstanley, Future, pp. 118-48, 217-20; 
Gilbert, pp. 275-307; Schwartzkopff, pp. 304-21; Stevens, Teaching, 
pp. 161-76; Moffatt, chap. ii; Case, Millennial Hope, pp. 80 ff. 


31. THE FUTURE OF THE INDIVIDUAL BELIEVER 


A. Tur JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 3:16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, 
that every one that believes in him may not perish, but have eternal life. 

Jn 8:51 In very truth I tell you, that if a man shall keep my 
word he will never see death. 

Jn 11:25 I am the resurrection and the life: he that believes in 
me, though he dies, yet will he live. 

Jn 12:50 And I know that his commandment is life eternal. 

Jn 14:1-3 Let not your heart be troubled. Believe in God, and 
believe in me. 2 In my Father’s house are many dwelling places. If 
it were not so I would have told you, because I go to prepare a place 
for you. 3 And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again 
and will receive you to myself, that where I am you also may be. 

Jn 14:19 Only a little while longer will the world see me; but you 
will see me; because I live, and you will live. 

Jn 14:27 Peace I leave to you. My peace I give to you; not as 
the world gives do I give to you. Let not your heart be troubled nor 
be afraid. 

Jn 17:3 This is life eternal, to know thee the only true God and 
him whom thou didst send, Jesus Christ. 

Jn 17:24 Father, I desire that those whom thou hast given to me 
may be with me where I am, that they may see my glory which thou hast 
given me because thou didst love me before the foundation of the world. 

(See also Jn 3:36; 4:14; 6:40, under 4, A, p. 83, and 5:21-29; 6:47- 
58; under 6, A, pp. 110-11.) 


260 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


B. Tue Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 9:43-48 And if your hand causes you to sin, cut it off: it is 
better for you to enter into life maimed than having two hands to go 
away into Gehenna into the fire that is never quenched. 45 And if 
your foot causes you to sin, cut it off: it is better to enter into life lame 
than having two feet to be thrown into Gehenna. 47 And if your eye 
causes you to sin, pluck it out: it is better to enter into the kingdom of 
God with one eye than having two eyes to be cast into Gehenna, 48 
where the worm never dies and the fire is never quenched [94. Mt 
18:8, 9; Mt 5:29, 30 (37)]. 

Mk 10:17-21 And as he was starting out on a journey, a man ran 
to him, and kneeling down, asked him, Good Teacher, what shall I 
do that I may inherit eternal life? 18 And Jesus said to him, Why 
do you call me good? no one is good save one, even God. 19 You 
know the commandments, Do not kill, Do not commit adultery, Do not 
steal, Do not bear false witness, Do not defraud,! Honor your father and 
mother.2. 20 And he said to him, Teacher, all these things have I 
observed from my youth. 21 And Jesus looking upon him loved him, 
and said to him,’ One thing you lack: go, sell all you have, and give to 
the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven: and come, follow me 
[187..) Mt\19;16-21; Lk 18;18-22]. 

Mk 10:29, 30 Of a truth I tell you, there is no man that has left 
houses or brothers or sisters or mother or father or children or lands for 
my sake‘ and for the gospel’s sake 30 but he shall receive a hundredfold 
now in this time, houses and brothers and sisters and mothers and 
children and lands with persecutions, and in the age to come eternal life 
(187. Mt 19:29; Lk 18:29, 30]. 

Mk 12:18-27 And there came to him Sadducees, who deny that 
there is any resurrection, and they put a question to him, saying, 
19 Teacher, Moses wrote for us that if a man’s brother dies and leaves 
a wife and no children, his brother should take his wife and should 
raise up children to his brother. 20 And now there were seven brothers, 
and the first married a wife and died leaving no children. 21 And the 
second married her and died leaving no children; and the third did the 
same. 22 And this happened in the case of all the seven brothers. 


1M¢t 19:19; Lk 18:20 omit: ‘‘Do not defraud.” 

2Mt 19:19 adds: ‘‘and, You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” 

3 Mt 19:21 reads: ‘If you would be perfect.’ 

4Mt 19:29 omits: ‘and for the gospel’s sake”; Lukereads: ‘‘for the kingdom of 
God’s sake.” 

Mt 19:29 and Lk 18:30 omit: ‘houses and brothers and sisters and children 
and lands with persecutions.” 

Matthew reads: ‘‘shall inherit’’ instead of ‘‘in the age to come.” 


THe FuTURS 261 


Finally the woman died. 23 In the resurrection whose wife will she 
be? for in her lifetime she was the wife of all seven of them. 24 Jesus 
said, Is it not because you do not understand the scriptures and the 
power of God that you fall into error? 25 For when they rise from the 
dead there will be no marriages, but they will be as angels in heaven. 
26 And as concerns the question of their rising, did you never read in 
the book of Moses! in the passage about the bush that God said to him, 
I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? 
27 He is not a God of dead men, but of living. You are far astray 
(158. Mt 22:23-32; Lk 20:27-38]. 
Mk 18:26, 27. (See above under 30, B, p. 258.) 


Lk 14:13, 14 But when you give a feast, invite poor, maimed, 
lame, blind, 14 and you shall be blessed, because they have nothing 
with which to repay you, for you shall be repaid in the resurrection of 
the righteous [123. P]. 

Lk 16:22 And the poor man died and was carried by the angels 
into the arms of Abraham [130. P; see the context under 33 below]. 

Lk 22:28-30 But you are they who have continued with me in 
my trials; 29 and as my Father assigned to me a kingdom so I assign 
to you, 30 that you may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom and 
may sit upon thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel [173. J; Mt 
19:28 (187) M or P). 


C. Tue Views or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
Il, PALESTINIAN 


D. Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 
Sharman, chap. vi. 


32. THE FUTURE OF THE COMMUNITY OF JESUS’ 
FOLLOWERS: THE CHURCH 


A. THe JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 15:12, 17-21 This is my commandment, that you love one 
another as I have loved you..... 17 This is my commandment, 
that you love one another. 18 If the world hates you, remember 
that it hated me first. If you were of the world, the world would love 
you as its own. 19 But because you are not of the world, but I chose 
you out of the world, for this reason the world hates you. 20 Remember 
the word that I spoke to you, A servant is not greater than his lord. 


1 Mt 22:31 reads: ‘‘ what was spoken to you by God” instead of “in the passage 
about the bush that God said to him.”’ 


262 Tuer TEACHING OF JESUS 


If they have persecuted me they will also persecute you. If they have 
kept my word they will also keep yours. 21 But all these things they 
will do to you for my name’s sake, because they have not known him 
that sent me. 

Jn 16:13, 14, 33 But when he, the Spirit of truth, shall come, he 
will guide you into all the truth; for he will not speak from himself; 
but whatever he shall hear, he will speak and will announce to you the 
things that are to come. 14 He will glorify me, for he will take of what 
belongs to me and announce it to you..... 33 These things I have 
spoken to you, that through your relation to me you may have peace. 
In the world you will have affliction; but be of good courage, I have 
overcome the world. 

Jn 17:9-21 Not for the world do I pray, but for those whom thou 
hast given to me. 10 Because they are thine, and all mine are thine, 
and thine are mine, and I have been glorified in them. 11 And I shall 
no longer be in the world, but they are in the world, and I am coming to 
thee. Holy Father, keep them in thy name which thou hast given to 
me, that they may be one as we are. 12 While I was with them I kept 
them in thy name which thou gavest to me, and I guarded them, and 
none of them perished; except the son of perdition, that the scripture 
might be fulfilled. 13 And now I am coming to thee, and I am speaking 
these things in the world, that they may have my joy completed in 
themselves. 14 I have given to them thy word; and the world hated 
them, because they are not of the world, as I am not of the world. 15 
I do not ask that thou shouldst take them out of the world, but that 
thou shouldst keep them from the evil one. 16 They are not of the 
world, as I am not of the world. 17 Consecrate them in the truth. 
Thy word is truth. 18 As thou didst send me into the world, so also 
I have sent them into the world. 19 And for their sakes, I consecrate 
myself, that they also may be truly consecrated. 20 Not for these 
only do I pray, but for those also who through their word shall believe 
in me, 21 that they may all be one as thou, Father, art in me and I 
in thee, that they also may be in us: that the world may believe that 
thou didst send me. 

Jn 21:15-17 When therefore they had eaten, Jesus said to Simon 
Peter, Simon, son of John, do you love me more than these? Peter 
said to him, Yes, Lord; you know that I love you. He said to him, 
Feed my lambs. 16 Again Jesus said to him, Simon, son of John, do 
you love me? He said to him, Yes, Lord; you know that I love you. 
He said to him, Feed my sheep. 17 A third time Jesus said to him, 
Simon, son of John, do youloveme? Peter was grieved because he said 
to him a third time, Do you love me, and said to him, Lord, you know 
all things; you know that I love you. Jesus said to him, Feed my sheep. 


THE FUTURE 263 


B. Tur Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 1:16-20. (See under 10, B, p. 170.) 

Mk 2:14-17. (See under 10, B, p. 171.) 

Mk 3:18-15. (See under 10, B, p. 171.) 

Mk 10:35-40. (See under 6, B, p. 117.) 

Mk 14:22-25 And as they were eating (the Passover meal) he 
took bread, and having pronounced the blessing, he said, Take this; it 
is my body. 23 And he took a cup, and having given thanks, he gave 
it to them, and they all drank it, 24 and hesaid to them, This is my blood 
of the covenant which is shed for many. 25 Of a truth I tell you, that 
I will no more drink of the fruit of the vine until that day when I drink 
it anew in the kingdom of God [173. Mt 26:26-29; Lk 22:18-20! J]. 

Lk 13:20, 21 To what shall I compare the kingdom of God? 
21 It is like leaven which a woman took and hid in three measures of 
meal till all was leavened [120. P; Mt 13:33 (59)]. 


Lk 24:45-49 Then he opened their mind to understand the 
scriptures; 46 and told them that so was it written that the Christ 
should suffer and rise from the dead on the third day; 47 and that in 
his name repentance for the forgiveness of sins should be preached among 
all the nations, beginning, (he said), from Jerusalem. 48 You are 
witnesses of these things. 49 And I will send upon you that which 
my Father has promised, but remain here in the city until you have 
been clothed with power from on high [186. J]. 


Mt 16:18,19 And I say to you, that you are Peter, and upon this 
rock I will build my church; and the gates of Hades shall not surpass 
it in strength. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven: 
and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever 
you loose on the earth will be loosed in heaven [86. M? addition to 
Mk 8:29]. 

Mt 18:15-17 If your brother sins against you, go and reprove him 
privately between you and him. If he hears you, you will have gained 
your brother. 16 But if he does not hear you, take with you one or 
two others, that by the testimony of two or three witnesses every word 
may be established. 17 But if he refuses to hear them, tell it to the 
church, and if he does not hear the church, let him thereafter be to you 
as is the Gentile and the tax-collector [96. M or M?]. 

Mt 18:18-20 Of a truth I tell you, whatsoever you shall bind 
upon earth will be bound in heaven and whatsoever you loose upon 


1 Compare I Cor 11:23-26. 


264 Tue TEACHING oF JESUS 


earth will be loosed in heaven. 19 Again I tell you, that if two of you 
agree upon earth concerning anything which you will ask, it will come 
to you from my Father who is in heaven. 20 For where two or three 
are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them 
(97. M or M3]. — 

Mt 18:21-35. (See under 9, B, p. 195.) 

Mt 28:16-20 And the eleven disciples went away into Galilee 
to the mountain to which Jesus had appointed them. 17 And when 
they saw him they worshipped him, but some doubted. 18 But 
Jesus came and spoke to them, saying, All authority has been given to 
me in heaven and upon earth. 19 Go therefore and make disciples of 
all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father, and the 
Son, and the Holy Spirit; 20 teaching them to observe all things which 
I commanded you, and I will be with you all the days until the consum- 
mation of the age [185. M]. 


C. Tur Views or JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 
II. PALESTINIAN 


D. Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 


Wendt, II, 340-74; Bruce, chap. xiii; Stevens, Teaching, chap. xiii; 
Sharman, chap. viii. 


33. THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD AND OF 
THE WICKED 


A. Tur JOHANNINE TEACHING 


Jn 3:18 He that does not believe has been judged already, because 
he has not believed upon the name of the only-begotten Son of God. 

Jn 8:36 He that believes in the Son has eternal life; but he that 
disobeys the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God rests upon 
him. (Cf. 5:24 under 6, A, p. 110.) 

Jn 5:28, 29 Be not astonished at this: for the hour is coming, in 
which all that are in the tombs shall hear his voice, 29 and shall come 
forth; those who have done good, to a resurrection of life; and those 
whose practices have been evil, to a resurrection of judgment. 


B. Tuer Synoptic TEACHING 


Mk 3:28, 29. (See under 3, p. 76.) 
Mk 8:38 For whoever is ashamed of me and of my words in this 
adulterous and sinful generation, of him will the Son of man be ashamed 


~ 


THe FuTURE 265 


when he comes in the glory of his Father with the holy angels! [87. 
Mt.16:27; Lk 9:26]. 
Mk 9:43-48. (See under 31, B, p. 260.) 


Lk 10:10-14 And into whatever city you enter and they do not 
receive you, go out into the streets of it and say, 11 Even the dust that 
clings to our feet from your city we wipe off against you: but know 
this, that the kingdom of God is near at hand. 12 I tell you that it 
shall be more tolerable for Sodom in that day, than for that city. 13 
Woe to you, Chorazin! woe to you, Bethsaida! because if the great deeds 
that have been done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would 
have repented long ago, sitting in sackcloth and ashes. 14 But it will 
be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon in the judgment than for you 
(101. Mt 10:14, 15 (71); 11:21—-24 (47) P]. 

Lk 11:31, 32 The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment 
with the men of this generation, and will condemn them, because she 
came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and 
there is something greater than Solomon here. 32 Men of Nineveh 
will rise up in the judgment with this generation, and will condemn it, 
because they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and there is something 
greater than Jonah here [107. Mt 12:41, 42 P (50)]. 

Lk 13:23-80 And the man said to him, Master, are those that 
are saved few? And he said to them, 24 Persistently strive to enter 
through the narrow door, because many, I tell you, will try to enter 
in and will not be able. 25 From the moment when the master of the 
house rises up and closes the door and you begin to stand and knock 
at the door, saying, Lord, open to us, he will answer you, I do not know 
where you come from. 26 Then you will say, We ate and drank in 
your presence and you taught in your streets; 27 and he will say to you, 
I do not know where you come from, depart from me, all you workers 
of iniquity. 28 There will be the weeping and the gnashing of teeth, 
when you see Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, and all the prophets in 
the kingdom of God, and yourselves shut out. 29 And they will come 
from east and west and from north and south, and will sit down at table 
in the kingdom of God. 30 And there are last ones that will be first, 
and first ones that will be last [121. Mt 7:13, 14, 22, 23 (43); 8:11, 
12 (45); 19:30 (137); 25:11, 12 (166) P]. 


Lk 16:19-31 Now there was a rich man who was clothed in purple 
and fine linen, and lived a gay and luxurious life. 20 And a poor man 
named Lazarus was laid at his door, full of sores, 21 and desiring to be 
filled with what fell from the rich man’s table. And not only so but 


1 Mt 16:27 adds: ‘‘and then will he render to each one according to his conduct.’’ 


266 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


the dogs used to come and lick his sores. 22 And after a time the poor 
man died and was carried by the angels into the arms of Abraham. 
And the rich man also died and was buried. 23 And in Hades lifting 
up his eyes, being in torments, he saw Abraham afar off and Lazarus 
in his arms. 24 And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy 
on me, and send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool 
my tongue, because I am in anguish in this flame. 25 But Abraham . 
said, Remember child, that you had your fill of good things in your life, 
and Lazarus likewise of the evil things. And now he is comforted here, 
and you are in anguish. 26 Besides all this, between us and you a 
great gulf has been immovably fixed, that those who wish to do so may 
not be able to cross from us to you or from you to us. 27 And he said, 
I entreat you, therefore, Father, to send him to my Father’s house; 
28 for I have five brothers; that he may bear testimony to them that 
they also may not come into this place of torment. 29 And Abraham 
said, They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them. 30 
And he said, Not so, Father Abraham; but if one shall come to them 
from the dead they will repent. 31 But he replied, If they do not hear 
Moses and the prophets they will not be persuaded, even if one rise 
from the dead [130. P]. 


Mt 5:21, 22 You have heard that it was said to the ancients, 
Do not commit murder; and Whoever commits murder will be liable to 
trial by the court. 22 But I say to you, that everyone who is angry 
with his brother will be liable to trial by the court, and whoever says 
to his brother, Raca, will be liable to be brought before the court, and 
whoever says to his brother, Fool, will be liable to condemnation to the 
Gehenna of fire [37. M]. 

Mt 12:36, 37 And I tell you, that for every ioughtene word 
that men shall speak they shall give account in the day of judgment. 
37 For by your words you will be approved and by your words you will 
be condemned [50. M]. 

Mt 13:24-30 The kingdom of heaven is like a man that sowed 
good seed in his field; 25 but while men slept his enemy came and sowed 
tares among the wheat, and went away. 26 And when the grain came 
up and headed out, then the tares appeared along with the wheat. 
27 And the servants of the man who owned the wheat came and said 
to him, Sir, did you not sow good wheat in your field? Where do these 
tares come from? 28 And he said to them, An enemy did this. And 
they said to him, Shall we go and pull them up? 29 But he said, No; 
lest pulling up the tares you root up the wheat also. 30 Let both grow 
together until the harvest: then at harvest time I will say to the reapers, — 


THe FuTuRE 267 


First gather the tares and bind them into bundles to burn them, and 
then gather the wheat into my barn [56. M]. 

Mt 13:36-43 And his disciples came to him, saying, Explain to 
us the parable of the tares of the field. 37 And he answered, He that 
sows the good seed is the Son of man. 388 And the field is the world, 
and the good seed represents the sons of the kingdom, and the tares 
are the sons of the evil one. 389 And the enemy that sowed the tares 
is the devil, and the harvest is the consummation of the age, and the 
reapers are angels. 40 As therefore the tares will be gathered together 
and burned in the fire, so also will it be in the consummation of the age. 
41 For the Son of man will send out his angels and they will gather out 
of his kingdom all things that lead men to sin and those that do iniquity, 
and they will throw them into the furnace of fire. 42 There shall be 
the weeping and the gnashing of teeth. 43 Then the righteous will shine 
forth like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Let him that has 
ears hear [61. M]. 

Mt 13:47-50 The kingdom of heaven is like a net that was cast 
into the sea, and took in fish of every kind. 48 And when it was filled, 
the fishermen threw it up on the beach and sat down and gathered 
the good into vessels, but threw the bad away. 49 So also will it be in 
the consummation of the age; the angels will come, and separate the 
wicked from the midst of the righteous, 50 and they will throw them 
into the furnace of fire. There shall be the weeping and the gnashing 
of teeth [64. M]. 

Mt 25:31-46 When the Son of man shall come in his glory and 
all the angels with him, then he will sit upon the throne of his glory. 
32 And all the nations will be gathered before him, and he will separate 
them one from another as the shepherd separates the sheep from the 
goats. 33 And he will put the sheep at his right hand and the goats 
at his left. 34 Then the King will say to those on his right hand, Come, 
you blessed ones of my Father, inherit the kingdom which has been 
prepared for you from the foundation of the world. 35 For I was 
hungry, and you gave me food; I was thirsty, and you gave me a drink; 
I was a stranger and you took me to your home; 36 without clothing, 
and you clothed me; sick, and you looked after me; in prison, and you 
came to seeme. 37 Then will the righteous answer him, saying, Lord, 
when did we see you hungry, and fed you? or thirsty, and gave you a 
drink? 38 When did we see you a stranger, and took you to our 
home? or without clothing, and clothed you? 39 When did we see you 
sick or in prison and came to see you? 40 And the King will answer 
them, Of a truth I tell you, inasmuch as you did these things to one of 
the least of my brothers, you did it tome. 41 Then will he say to those 
on the left hand, Depart from me, you that are accursed, into the 


268 THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


eternal fire which has been prepared for the devil and his angels. 
42 For I was hungry, and you did not give me food; I was thirsty, 
and you did not give me a drink. 48 I was a stranger, and you did 
not take me to your home; I was without clothing, and you did not 
clothe me; I was sick and in prison, and you did not visit me. 44 Then 
will these also answer, saying, Lord, when did we see you hungry, or 
thirsty, or a stranger, or without clothing, or sick, or in prison, and did 
not minister to you? 45 Then will he answer them, Of a truth I tell 
you, inasmuch as you did not do these things to one of these that are 
least, to me you did not do it. 46 And these will go away into eternal 
punishment; but the righteous into life eternal [168. M]. 


C. Tuer VIEwsS oF JEWISH WRITERS 
I. NON-PALESTINIAN 


Sibylline Oracles (Book IIT), Second Century B.C. 


Frag. 3:43-45 Therefore the gleam of blazing fire is coming upon - 
you. 44 You shall be burned with torches the livelong day through- 
out the age, 45 being ashamed of your lying, futile idols. 

3:304-6 A rushing destruction is coming one day upon the whole 
land of sinners, 305 and a crash shall destroy the whole country of men, 
306 even the scourge of the Mighty God, the inspirer of my strains. 

3:761 He, too, shall burn with fire the race of stubborn men. 


IV Maccabees, 63 B.C-38 A.D. 


9:9 You, for our cruel murder, shall suffer at the hands of divine 
justice sufficient torment by fire forever. 

9:32 Neither shall you escape, O most abominable tyrant, the 
penalties of the divine wrath. 

11:23 I go to join my brothers in death, and to add to myself one 
strong avenger more to punish you, O deviser of the tortures. 

12:12 For these things the divine justice delivers you to a more 
rapid and an eternal fire and torments which shall not leave hold on 
you to all eternity. | 

IT Enoch, 1-50 A.D. 


10:2-6 There were all manner of tortures in that place; cruel 
darkness and unillumined gloom, and there is no light there, but murky 
fire constantly flames aloft, and there is a fiery river coming forth, and 
that whole place is everywhere fire, and everywhere there is frost and. 
ice, thirst and shivering, 3 while the bonds are very cruel, and the angels 
fearful and merciless, bearing angry weapons, merciless torture, and 
I said, 4 ‘‘Woe, woe, how very terrible is this place” and those men 
said to me: “This place, O Enoch, is prepared for those who dishonor 


THE FUTURE 269 


God, who on earth practice sin against nature... . 6 for all these 
is prepared this place amongst these, for eternal inheritance.” 

40:12 All existing things I wrote down, the height from earth 
to the seventh heaven, and downwards to the very lowest hell, and 
the judgment-place, and the very great, open and weeping hell. 
And I saw how the prisoners are in pain, expecting the limitless 
judgment. 

42:1 Isaw the keyholders and guards of the gates of hell standing, 
like great serpents, and their faces like extinguished lamps, and their 
eyes of fire, their sharp teeth. 

46:3 When the Lord shall send a great light, then there will be 
judgment for the just and the unjust, and there no one shall escape 
notice. 

61:2,3 I know all things, how in the great time (i.e., to come) are 
many mansions prepared for men, good for the good, and bad for the 
bad, without number many. 38 Blessed are those who enter the good 
houses, for in the bad there is no peace nor return. 


Philo, 15-45 A.D. 


Plant. 9 (1:4238, 424) A road to travel along, leading to virtue, 
and having for its end life and immortality; and another road leading to 
vice, having for its end the loss of life and immortality, that is to say, 
death. 

Rew. Pun. 12 (3:472) Men look upon death as the supreme limit 
of all punishments, but in the view of the divine tribunal it is scarcely 
the beginning of them..... For there are two kinds of death: the 
one that of being dead, which is either good or else a matter of indiffer- 
ence; the other that of dying, which is in every respect an evil; and 
the more protracted the dying the more intolerable the evil. 

Curses 6 (3:491) The man of noble descent who has adulterated 
the courage of his noble birth, will be dragged down to the lowest 
depths, being hurled down to Tartarus and profound darkness, in order 
that all men who behold this example may be corrected by it. 


Sibylline Oracles (Book IV), 80 A.D. 


4:43, 44 Then shall he send the ungodly in the fire beneath the 
murky gloom, 44 and then shall they know what grievous impiety they 
have committed. 

4:159-61 Then be sure that God is no more of tender mercy, 
160 but gnashing his teeth in wrath and destroying at once 161 the 
whole race of men by means of a mighty conflagration. 


270 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


4:184-86 All who have sinned with deeds of impiety 185 a heap 
of earth shall cover again, 186 and murky Tartarus and the black 
recesses of hell. 


Sibylline Oracles (Book V), before 130 A.D. 


5:418, 419 He has destroyed every city from its foundations 
with sheets of fire, 419 and burnt up the families of men who before 
wrought evil. 

ITI Baruch, 100-150 A.D. 

4:16 Know therefore, O Baruch, that as Adam through this very 
tree obtained condemnation, and was divested of the glory of God, so 
also the men who now drink insatiably the wine which is begotten of 
it, transgress worse than Adam, and are far from the glory of God, and 
are surrendering themselves to the eternal fire. 


II. PALESTINIAN 


I Enoch (Part I) before 170 B.C. (Part IV) 95-64 B.C. 


10:13, 14 In those days they shall be led off to the abyss of fire: 
(and) to the torment and the prison in which they shall be confined for 
ever. 14 And whosoever shall be condemned and destroyed will from 
thenceforth be bound together with them to the end of all generations. 

22:10, 11 Such has been made for sinners when they die and are 
buried in the earth and judgment has not been executed on them in their 
lifetime. 11 Here their spirits shall be set apart in this great pain till 
the great day of judgment and punishment and torment of those who 
curse for ever and retribution for their spirits. There he shall bind 
them forever. 

27:2, 3 This accursed valley is for those who are accursed for 
ever: here shall all the accursed! be gathered together who utter with 
their lips against the Lord unseemly words and of his glory speak hard 
things. Here shall they be gathered together and here shall be their 
place of judgment. 3 In the last days there shall be upon them the 
spectacle of righteous judgment in the presence of the righteous forever. 


80:8 And evil shall be multiplied upon them 
And punishment shall come upon them 
So as to destroy all. 


84:4,5 ... . Upon the flesh of man abideth thy wrath until the great 
day of judgment. 
5 And now, O God . . . . L implore and beseech thee... . 
To leave me a posterity on earth 
And not destroy all the flesh of man 
And make the earth without inhabitant. 


Tue FUTURE 271 


Jubilees, 186-105 B.C. 


5:10 The day of the great condemnation, when judgment is 
executed on all those who have corrupted their ways and their works 
before the Lord. 

5:15 In regard to all he will judge, the great according to his 
greatness, the small according to his smallness, and each according to 
his way. 


Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 109-105 B.C. 


Benj. 10:8 Then also all men shall rise, some to glory and some 
to shame. 


I Enoch (Part II, Similitudes, 94-64 B.C. (Part V), 104-96 B.C. 


41:2 There I saw the mansions of the elect and the mansions of 
the holy, and my eyes saw there all the sinners being driven from thence 
which deny the name of the Lord of Spirits, and being dragged off; 
and they could not abide because of the punishment which proceeds 
from the Lord of Spirits. 


45:2 And into heaven they shall not ascend, 
And on earth they shall not come: 
Such shall be the lot of the sinners 
Who have denied the name of the Lord of Spirits, 
Who are thus preserved for the day of suffering and tribulation. 


50:4, 5 In the presence of his glory unrighteousness also shall not 
maintain itself: 
At his judgment the unrepentant shall perish before him. 
5 And from henceforth I will have no mercy on them, says the 
Lord of Spirits. 


54:10 When they have recognized their unrighteousness which 
they have wrought on the earth, .. . . then by these shall they perish, 

55:3 When I have desired to take hold of them by the hand of 
the angels on the day of tribulation and pain because of this, I will 
cause my chastisement and my wrath to abide upon them, says God, 
the Lord of Spirits. 

60:6 That day is prepared, for the elect a covenant, but for 
sinners an inquisition. 

60:25 When the punishment of the Lord of Spirits shall rest upon 
them .... it shall slay the children with their mothers and the 
children with their fathers. Afterwards the judgment shall take place 
according to his mercy and his patience. 


272 Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


§2:10-13 They shall hastily go forth from his presence, 
And their faces shall be filled with shame, 
And the darkness grow deeper on their faces. 
11 And he will deliver them to the angels for punishment 
To execute vengeance on them because they have oppressed 
his children and his elect. 
12 And they shall be a spectacle for the righteous and for his 
elect: 
They shall rejoice over them 
Because the wrath of the Lord of Spirits rests upon them 
And his sword is drunk with their blood. 
13 And the righteous and elect shall be saved on that day 
And they shall never thenceforward see the face of the sinners 
and the unrighteous. 

91:7-9 A great chastisement shall come from heaven upon all these, 
And the holy Lord will come forth with wrath and chastisement 
To execute judgment on earth. 

8 In those days violence shall be cut off from its roots, 
And the roots of unrighteousness together with deceit, 
And they shall be destroyed from under heaven. .... 
9 And they shall be cast into the judgment of fire, 
And shall perish in wrath and in grievous judgment for ever. 


97:2 Be it known to you sinners that the Most High is mindful of your 
destruction, 
And the angels of heaven rejoice over your destruction. 


Psalms of Solomon, ca. 60 B.C. 


3:13-15 The destruction of the sinner is for ever, 
14 And he shall not be remembered, when the righteous is visited. 
15 This is the portion of sinners for ever. 


13:10 But sinners shall be taken away into destruction, 
And their memorial shall be found no more. 


14:6 Therefore their inheritance is Sheol and darkness and destruction, 
And they shall not be found in the day when the righteous 
obtain mercy. 


15:10, 18 For the mark of destruction is upon their forehead. .... 
13 Sins shall lay waste the houses of sinners .... 
And sinners shall perish for ever in the day of the Lord’s 
judgment. 


THE FUTURE 273 


17:26, 27 He shall thrust out sinners from (the) inheritance. 

He shall destroy the pride of the sinner as a potter’s vessel. 

With a rod of iron he shall break in pieces their sub- 
stance. 

27 He shall destroy the godless nations with the word of his 

mouth; 

At his rebuke nations shall flee before him, 

And he shall reprove sinners for the thoughts of their hearts. 


II Baruch, 0-100 A.D. 


51:1, 2 And it shall come to pass, when that appointed day has 
gone by, that then shall the aspect of those who are condemned be 
afterwards changed, and the glory of those who are justified. 2 For 
the aspect of those who now act wickedly shall become worse than it is, 
as they shall suffer torment. 

51:6 They shall first behold and afterwards depart to be 
tormented. 

54:21, 22 At the consummation of the world vengeance shall 
be taken upon those who have done wickedness according to their 
wickedness. .... 22 For those who are amongst thine own thou 
rulest, and those who sin thou blottest out from amongst thine 
own. 


85:12, 13,15 There shall not there be again [a place of repentance, 
nor] a limit to the times, 
Not a duration for the hours, 
Nor a change of ways, 
Nor place for prayer, 
Nor sending of petitions, 
Nor receiving of knowledge, 
Nor giving of love, 
Nor place of repentance for the soul, 
Nor supplication for offences, 
Nor intercession of the fathers, 
Nor prayer of the prophets, 
Nor help of the righteous. 
13 There there is the sentence of corruption, 
The way of fire, 
And the path which brings to Gehenna. .... 
15 He will preserve those whom he can forgive, 
And at the same time destroy those who are polluted with 
sins. 


274. Tur TEACHING OF JESUS 


IV Esdras, 100-135 A.D. - 


7:36, 47, 61 Then shall the pit of torment appear, 
And over against it the place of refreshment; 
The furnace of Gehenna shall be made manifest, 
And over against it the Paradise of delight. .... 

47 The coming Age shall bring delight to few, but torment 
unto many. .... 

61 I will not grieve over the multitude of them that perish: 
for they it is who now are made like vapor, counted as 
smoke, are comparable to the flame: 

They are fired, burn hotly, are extinguished! 


7:80 Such souls shall not enter into habitations, but shall wander 
about henceforth in torture, ever grieving and sad. 


Pirke Aboth, ca. 200 A.D. 

1:5 So long as a man talks much with the wife he causes evil to 
himself, and desists from words of Torah, and his end is that he inherits 
Gehenna. 

5:22 The disciples of Balaam the wicked inherit Gehenna and go 
down to the pit of destruction. 

5:24 The bold-faced man is for Gehenna. 

5:26 According to the toil is the pay. 


D. THe TEACHING OF JESUS 


E. Mopern LITERATURE 


Bruce, chap. ii; Bousset, Jesus, chap. vil; Stevens, Teaching, 
chap. xv; Winstanley, Future, chap. vi; Sharman, chaw. v. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 
MODERN LITERATURE WITH ABBREVIATIONS 


Where only one work of an author appears in the following Bibliography, it is cited 
in the lists of modern literature merely by his name. Where two or more works of 
an author appear, citations are made by giving his name and a shortened title of the 
particular book cited. Encyclopedias and periodicals are referred to by abbreviations. 


I. JEWISH LIFE AND THOUGHT 


Schuerer, E., History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ 
(Eng. trans.), 1891. 

Toy, C. H., Judaism and Christianity, 1890. 

Herford, R. T., Christianity in Talmud and Midrash, 1903. 

Rosenau, Jewish Ceremonial Institutions and Customs, 1903. 

Charles, R. H., Eschatology, Hebrew, Jewish and Christian (2d. ed.), 
1913. 

Wernle, The Beginnings of Christianity, 1903-4. 

Bousset, W., Die Religion des Judentums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter 
(2d ed.), 1906. 

Oesterley and Box, The Religion and Worship of the Synagogue, 1907. 

Schechter, 8., Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology, 1909. 

Clemen, Carl, Primitive Christianity and Its Non-Jewish Sources, 1912. 

Herford, R. T., Pharisaism: Its Aim and Method, 1912. 

Case, The Evolution of Early Christianity, 1914. 

Abrahams, I., Studies in Pharisaism and the Gospels, 1917. 

Kohler, K., Jewish Theology Systematically and Historically Considered, 
1918. 

Hughes, H. M., The Ethics of Jewish Apocryphal Literature. 

Charles, R. H., Religious Development between the Old and New Testa- 
ments. 


II. LEXICONS AND LEXICOGRAPHICAL STUDIES 


Cremer, H., Biblico-Theological Lexicon of the New Testament, 1892. 

Thayer, J. H., Lexicon of the New Testament, 1892. 

Deissmann, G. A., Bible Studies, 1901. 

Burton, Ernest D., Spirit, Soul, and Flesh, 1918. 

Burton, Ernest D., Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, 1920. 
The Appendix contains studies of many of the important terms of 
the gospels. 


275 


276 Tue TEACHING OF JESUS 


Il. COMMENTARIES ON THE GOSPELS ##~~"— 


Broadus, J. A., Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, 1886. 

The Expositor’s Greek Testament (1897), Vol. 1. The Synoptic Gospels, 
by A. B. Bruce; The Gospel of St. John, by Marcus Dods. 

Menzies, A., The Earliest Gospel (Mark), 1901. 

Burton, Ernest D., Studies in the Gospel of Mark, 1904. | 

Montefiore, C. G., The Synoptic Gospels, 1909. 

Plummer, A., Commentary on the Gospel according to S. Matthew, 1909. 

MecNeile, A. H., The Gospel according to St. Matthew, 1915. 


Iv. THE LIFE OF JESUS 


Weiss, B., The Life of Christ (Eng. trans.), 1883-92. 

Burton and Mathews, Constructive Studies in the Life of Jesus, 1901. 
Holtzmann, O., The Life of Jesus, 1904. 

Bousset, W., Jesus (Eng. trans.), 1906. 

Smith, David, In the Days of His Flesh, 1910. 

Gilbert, George H., Jesus, 1912. 


Vv. BIBLICAL THEOLOGY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT 


Adeney, W. F., Theology of the New Testament, 1894. 

Stevens, G. B., The Theology of the New Testament, 1899. 

Wood, I. F., The Spirit of God in Biblical Literature, 1904. 
Mathews, S., The Messianic Hope in the New Testament, 1905. 
Winstanley, E. W., Spirit in the New Testament, 1908. 

Clarke, W. N., The Christian Doctrine of God, 1909. 

Swete, H. B., The Holy Spirit in the New Testament, 1910. 

Weinel, H., Biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments (2d ed.), 1913. 
MacNeill, H. L., The Christology of the Epistle to the Hebrews, 1914. 


VI. THE TEACHING OF JESUS AND OF THE GOSPELS 


Wendt, H. H., The Teaching of Jesus (Eng. trans.), 1892. 

Weiss, J., Die Predigt Jesu vom Reiche Gottes, 1892. 

Bruce, A. B., The Kingdom of God, 1893. 

Mathews, S., The Social Teaching of Jesus, 1897. 

Schwartzkopfi, The Prophecies of Jesus Christ Relating to His Death, 
1897. 

Orr, James, The Virgin Birth of Christ, 1907. 

Lobstein, P., The Virgin Birth of Christ, 1903. 

Peabody, F. G., Jesus Christ and the Social Question, 1901. 

Denney, The Death of Christ, 1904. 

Muirhead, The Eschatology of Jesus, 1904. 

Scott, E. F., The Fourth Gospel: Its Purpose and Theology, 1906. 

Beeching, The Bible Doctrine of Atonement, 1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 217 


Mathews, S., The Church and the Changing Order, 1909. 
Burton, Smith, and Smith, Atonement, 1909. 

Sharman, H. B., The Teaching of Jesus about the Future, 1909. 
Dobschiitz, E. von, The Eschatology of the Gospels, 1910. 
Montefiore, C. G., The Religious Teaching of Jesus, 1910. 


Scott, E. F., 


The Kingdom and the Messiah, 1911. 


Clarke, W. N., The Ideal of Jesus, 1911. 

Stevens, G. B., The Teaching of Jesus, 1905. 
Moffatt, James, The Theology of the Gospels, 1918. 
Winstanley, E. W., Jesus and the Future, 1918. 
Glover, T. R., The Jesus of History, 1917. 


Gardner, P., 


The Ephesian Gospel, 1915. 


Case, S. J., The Millennial Hope, 1918. 

Ward, Harry F., The New Social Order, 1919. 

Sabatier, L. A., Religions of Authority and the Religion of the Spirit. 
Box, G. H., The Virgin Birth of Jesus, 1916. 


H. DB 
Encyc. Bib. 


HDB 
JE 
H. DCG 


H. ERE 


S.H. ERK 


HTR 
JBL 
Exp. 
Hib. 
BW 
JQR 


VII. ENCYCLOPEDIAS! 


Hastings, James, Dictionary of the Bible (four vols. and 
extra vol.), 1898-1905. 

Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica (four vols.), 
1899-1903. 

Hastings, James, Dictionary of the Bible (one vol.), 1909. 

Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901-5. 

Hastings, James, Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels, 
1906-8. 

Hastings, James, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, 
1908-22. 

Schaff-Herzog, Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 
1908-12. 


VIII. PERIODICALS 


Harvard Theological Review. 
Journal of Biblical Literature. 
Expositor. 

Hibbert Journal. 

Biblical W orld. 

Jewish Quarterly Review. 


1 Containing articles on many of the topics of Jesus’ teaching. 


PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. 





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